Next Article in Journal
Electric Vehicle Dealership Education & Training
Previous Article in Journal
A University E-Bike Sharing System used as a Real-Time Monitoring emissions tool under a smart city concept
 
 
World Electric Vehicle Journal is published by MDPI from Volume 9 issue 1 (2018). Previous articles were published by The World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA) and its member the European Association for e-Mobility (AVERE), the Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA), and the Electric Vehicle Association of Asia Pacific (EVAAP). They are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with AVERE.
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Bi-level Control Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Services

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
World Electr. Veh. J. 2012, 5(2), 430-446; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj5020430
Published: 29 June 2012

Abstract

This paper presents a control scheme of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation for the distribution power grid which integrates renewable generation units. An optimal control algorithm is developed to minimize the total operating cost. The potential for providing frequency regulation when the vehicles are idle is also analyzed. The power output of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is regulated to redistribute the PHEV charging energy and meanwhile provide the grid services. The regulation of PHEV charging load can consume the excessive power from wind generation units during the off-peak time. And with the frequency regulation, the power fluctuation of wind generator can be compensated and therefore stabilize the voltage and frequency. Finally, simulation results verify that the optimal control of V2G power can reduce total operating cost and enhance the voltage stability. Furthermore, the regulation capacity of V2G used for frequency regulation can improve the power quality and facilitate the integration of wind power generators.
Keywords: V2G; Renewable generation; electric vehicles; operating cost minimization; frequency regulation V2G; Renewable generation; electric vehicles; operating cost minimization; frequency regulation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gao, S.; Chau, K.T.; Chan, C.C.; Liu, C. Bi-level Control Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Services. World Electr. Veh. J. 2012, 5, 430-446. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj5020430

AMA Style

Gao S, Chau KT, Chan CC, Liu C. Bi-level Control Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Services. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2012; 5(2):430-446. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj5020430

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Shuang., K. T. Chau, C. C. Chan, and Chunhua Liu. 2012. "Bi-level Control Scheme for Vehicle-to-Grid Regulation Services" World Electric Vehicle Journal 5, no. 2: 430-446. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj5020430

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop