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Article

Developing In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation for Bicalutamide Immediate-Release Dosage Forms with the Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Test

by
Nihal Tugce Ozaksun
and
Tuba Incecayir
*
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(9), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091126 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 30 May 2025 / Revised: 17 August 2025 / Accepted: 26 August 2025 / Published: 28 August 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Reflecting the interaction between dissolution and absorption, the biphasic dissolution system is an appealing approach for estimating the intestinal absorption of drugs in humans. The study aims to characterize the suitability of the biphasic in vitro dissolution testing to set up an in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for the original and generic immediate-release (IR) tablets of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug, bicalutamide (BIC). Methods: USP apparatus II paddle was used to conduct dissolution testing. A level A IVIVC was obtained between in vitro partitioning and in vivo absorption data of the original drug. The single-compartmental modeling was used for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. The generic product’s plasma concentrations were estimated. Results: There was a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo data (r2 = 0.98). The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) ratios for generic/original were 1.04 ± 0.01 and 0.951 ± 0.026 (mean ± SD), respectively. Conclusions: The biphasic dissolution testing may present an in vivo predictive tool for developing generic products of poorly soluble and highly permeable drugs such as BIC, which are characterized by pH-independent poor solubility.
Keywords: biphasic in vitro dissolution; in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC); bicalutamide biphasic in vitro dissolution; in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC); bicalutamide
Graphical Abstract

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ozaksun, N.T.; Incecayir, T. Developing In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation for Bicalutamide Immediate-Release Dosage Forms with the Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Test. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091126

AMA Style

Ozaksun NT, Incecayir T. Developing In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation for Bicalutamide Immediate-Release Dosage Forms with the Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Test. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(9):1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091126

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ozaksun, Nihal Tugce, and Tuba Incecayir. 2025. "Developing In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation for Bicalutamide Immediate-Release Dosage Forms with the Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Test" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 9: 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091126

APA Style

Ozaksun, N. T., & Incecayir, T. (2025). Developing In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation for Bicalutamide Immediate-Release Dosage Forms with the Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Test. Pharmaceutics, 17(9), 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091126

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