HIV, HTLV, and Hepatitis B and C Infection in Blood Donors in Bahia, Brazil from 2008 to 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Laboratory Tests
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Incidence and Prevalence Calculations
2.4.1. Density-Type Incidence (DTI)
2.4.2. Prevalence
2.5. NAT Yield
2.6. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Donors
3.2. Prevalence
3.3. Georeferencing
3.4. Density-Type Incidence (DTI)
3.5. NAT Yield
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methodology and Manufacturer | HIV | HTLV | HCV | HBV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBsAg | Anti-HBc | ||||
CMIA/Abbott | 2008 to 2017 | 2015 to 2017 | 2016 to 2017 | 2008 to 2017 | 2011 to 2017 |
CMIA/Roche | 2017 | - | 2017 | 2017 | - |
EIA/Abbott | - | 2008 to 2014 | - | 2008 to 2010 | - |
EIA/Biomerieux | - | - | 2008 to 2010 | 2008 to 2010 | 2010, 2011, 2014 |
EIA/Bio-Rad | - | 2011 to 2016 | - | 2008 to 2013 | |
EIA/Murex | - | - | 2015 to 2016 | - | - |
EIA/Ortho | - | 2010, 2012 to 2015 | 2016 | - | - |
EIA/REM | - | - | 2010 to 2016 | - | - |
EIA-I/Abbott | 2008 to 2009 | - | - | - | - |
EIA-IC/Abbott | 2009 to 2010 | - | - | - | - |
EIA-IC/Murex | 2009 | - | - | - | - |
EIA-II/Abbott | 2014 | - | - | - | - |
EIA-II/Biomerieux | 2008 to 2014 | - | - | - | 2010 |
EIA-II/Siemens | 2012 | - | - | - | - |
NAT | 2013 | - | 2013 | 2015 |
Donor Characteristic | Overall Donations (%) | Negative N (%) | Positive N (%) | Prevalence Rate | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 288,957 | 37.2 | 279,028 | 37.2 | 9929 | 36.3 | 3.44 | 0.002 |
Male | 488,489 | 62.8 | 471,060 | 62.8 | 17,429 | 63.7 | 3.57 | |
Age groups | ||||||||
16–24 | 168,335 | 21.7 | 164,304 | 21.9 | 4031 | 14.7 | 2.39 | <0.0001 |
25–44 | 478,153 | 61.5 | 461,607 | 61.5 | 16,546 | 60.5 | 3.46 | |
45–69 | 130,958 | 16.8 | 124,177 | 16.6 | 6781 | 24.8 | 5.18 | |
Race | ||||||||
White | 308,085 | 39.6 | 297,522 | 39.7 | 10,563 | 38.6 | 3.43 | <0.0001 |
Black /Racially mixed | 467,280 | 60.1 | 450,719 | 60.1 | 16,561 | 60.5 | 3.54 | |
Other | 2081 | 0.3 | 1847 | 0.2 | 234 | 0.9 | 11.24 | |
Education | ||||||||
Up to 1st degree | 174,158 | 22.4 | 164,504 | 21.9 | 9654 | 35.3 | 5.54 | <0.0001 |
8–11 schooling years | 434,133 | 55.8 | 419,702 | 56.0 | 14,431 | 52.7 | 3.32 | |
More than 11 schooling years | 169,155 | 21.8 | 165,882 | 22.1 | 3273 | 12.0 | 1.93 | |
Marital status N | ||||||||
Living without a partner | 489,227 | 62.9 | 471,851 | 62.9 | 17,376 | 63.5 | 3.55 | 0.04 |
Living with a partner | 288,219 | 37.1 | 278,237 | 37.1 | 9982 | 36.5 | 3.46 | |
Type of blood donor N (%) | ||||||||
First-time donor | 363,828 | 46.8 | 342,491 | 45.7 | 21,337 | 78.0 | 5.86 | <0.0001 |
Repeated donor | 413,618 | 53.2 | 407,597 | 54.3 | 6021 | 22.0 | 1.46 | |
Residential status | ||||||||
Salvador (capital) | 347,047 | 44.7 | 336,092 | 44.8 | 10,955 | 40.0 | 3.16 | |
Other cities | 421,612 | 54.2 | 405,437 | 54.1 | 16,175 | 59.1 | 3.84 | <0.0001 |
Does not live in the state of Bahia | 8787 | 1.1 | 8559 | 1.1 | 228 | 0.8 | 2.59 |
Year | Donations (%) | HIV+ N (%) | HTLV+ N (%) | HCV+ N (%) | HBV+ N (%) | HBsAg+ N (%) | Anti-HBc+ N (%) | Total+ N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 36,280 (4.7) | 490 (1.4) | 108 (0.3) | 186 (0.5) | 1482 (4.1) | 234 (0.6) | 1338 (3.7) | 2266 (6.2) |
2009 | 45,098 (5.8) | 403 (0.9) | 131(0.3) | 193 (0.4) | 1751 (3.9) | 202 (0.4) | 1657 (3.7) | 2478 (5.5) |
2010 | 55,428 (7.1) | 251 (0.5) | 249 (0.4) | 279 (0.5) | 2168 (3.9) | 224 (0.4) | 2058 (3.7) | 2947 (5.3) |
2011 | 70,170 (9.0) | 269 (0.4) | 219 (0.3) | 436 (0.6) | 2408 (3.4) | 183 (0.3) | 2359 (3.4) | 3332 (4.7) |
2012 | 78,011 (10.0) | 261 (0.3) | 223 (0.3) | 360 (0.5) | 2345 (3.0) | 163 (0.2) | 2314 (3.0) | 3189 (4.1) |
2013 | 82,301 (10.6) | 353 (0.4) | 153 (0.2) | 362 (0.4) | 2004 (2.4) | 144 (0.2) | 1964 (2.4) | 2872 (3.5) |
2014 | 89,280 (11.5) | 282 (0.3) | 128 (0.1) | 352 (0.4) | 2033 (2.3) | 203 (0.2) | 1941 (2.2) | 2795 (3.1) |
2015 | 99,861 (12.8) | 178 (0.2) | 347 (0.3) | 305 (0.3) | 1913 (1.9) | 187 (0.2) | 1815 (1.8) | 2743 (2.7) |
2016 | 108,578 (14.0) | 156 (0.1) | 265 (0.2) | 362 (0.3) | 1937 (1.8) | 192 (0.2) | 1840 (1.7) | 2720 (2.5) |
2017 | 112,439 (14.5) | 286 (0.3) | 339 (0.3) | 311 (0.3) | 1789 (1.6) | 149 (0.1) | 1734 (1.5) | 2725 (2.4) |
TOTAL | 777,446 (100) | 2929 (0.4) | 2162 (0.3) | 3146 (0.4) | 19,830 (2.6) | 1881 (0.2) | 19,020 (2.4) | 28,067 (3.6) * |
Characteristics | HIV | HTLV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI) | Negative | Positive | OR (95% CI) | |
Number of donations | ||||||
First donation | 361,907 | 1921 | 1 | 362,266 | 1562 | 1 |
Repeat donation | 412,61 | 1008 | 0.46 (0.43–0.50) | 413,018 | 600 | 0.34 (0.31–0.37) |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 287,915 | 1042 | 1 | 287,892 | 1065 | 1 |
Male | 486,602 | 1887 | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 487,392 | 1097 | 0.61 (0.56–0.66) |
Age groups | ||||||
16–24 | 167,620 | 715 | 1 | 167,935 | 400 | 1 |
25–44 | 476,332 | 1821 | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 476,932 | 1221 | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) |
45–69 | 130,565 | 393 | 0.71 (0.62–0.80) | 130,417 | 541 | 1.74 (1.53–1.98) |
Education | ||||||
Up to 1st degree | 173,349 | 809 | 1 | 173,476 | 682 | 1 |
8–11 schooling years | 432,51 | 1623 | 0.80 (0.74–0.88) | 432,968 | 1165 | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) |
More than 11 schooling years | 168,658 | 497 | 0.63 (0.56–0.71) | 168,84 | 315 | 0.47 (0.42–0.54) |
Marital status | ||||||
Living without a partner | 487,151 | 2076 | 1 | 487,776 | 1451 | 1 |
Living with a partner | 287,366 | 853 | 0.70 (0.64–0.75) | 287,508 | 711 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) |
Race | ||||||
White | 306,942 | 1143 | 1 | 307,213 | 872 | 1 |
Black/ Racially mixed | 465,524 | 1756 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 466,005 | 1275 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) |
Other | 2051 | 30 | 3.93 (2.73–5.66) | 2066 | 15 | 2.56 (1.53–4.27) |
Residential status | ||||||
Salvador (capital) | 345,549 | 1498 | 1 | 346,078 | 969 | 1 |
Other cities | 420,22 | 1392 | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | 420,428 | 1184 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) |
Doesn’t live in Bahia | 8748 | 39 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 8778 | 9 | 0.37 (0.19–0.71) |
Characteristics | HCV | HBV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | OR (95% CI) | Negative | Positive | OR (95% CI) | |
Number of donations | ||||||
First donation | 361,764 | 2064 | 1 | 347,439 | 16,389 | 1 |
Repeat donation | 412,536 | 1082 | 0.46 (0.43–0.49) | 410,177 | 3441 | 0.18 (0.17–0.18) |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 287,802 | 1155 | 1 | 282,061 | 6896 | 1 |
Male | 486,498 | 1991 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 475,555 | 12,934 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) |
Age groups | ||||||
16–24 | 167,739 | 596 | 1 | 165,934 | 2401 | 1 |
25–44 | 476,282 | 1871 | 1.11(1.01–1.21) | 466,151 | 12,002 | 1.78 (1.70–1.86) |
45–69 | 130,279 | 679 | 1.47 (1.31–1.64) | 125,531 | 5427 | 2.99 (2.85–3.14) |
Education | ||||||
Up to 1st degree | 173,251 | 907 | 1 | 166,612 | 7546 | 1 |
8–11 schooling years | 432,398 | 1735 | 0.77 (0.71–0.83) | 423,878 | 10,255 | 0.53 (0.52–0.55) |
More than 11 schooling years | 168,651 | 504 | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) | 167,126 | 2029 | 0.27 (0.26–0.28) |
Marital status | ||||||
Living without a partner | 487,196 | 2031 | 1 | 476,942 | 12,285 | 1 |
Living with a partner | 287,104 | 1115 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 280,674 | 7545 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) |
Race | ||||||
White | 306,853 | 1232 | 1 | 300,491 | 7594 | 1 |
Black/Racially mixed | 465,392 | 1888 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 455,213 | 12,067 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
Other | 2055 | 26 | 3.15 (2.13–4.66) | 1912 | 169 | 3.50 (2.98–4.10) |
Residential status | ||||||
Salvador (capital) | 345,643 | 1404 | 1 | 339,601 | 7446 | 1 |
Other cities | 419,896 | 1716 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 409,386 | 12,226 | 1.36 (1.32–1.40) |
Doesn’t live in Bahia | 8761 | 26 | 0.73 (0.50–1.08) | 8629 | 158 | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) |
Bahia Mesoregions | Total | HIV | % | HTLV | % | HCV | % | HBV | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolitan Region of Salvador | 441,826 | 1882 | 0.4 | 1301 | 0.3 | 1864 | 0.4 | 10,184 | 2.3 |
South Bahia | 79,374 | 265 | 0.3 | 207 | 0.3 | 305 | 0.4 | 4220 | 5.3 |
Central-South Bahia | 74,991 | 214 | 0.3 | 215 | 0.3 | 318 | 0.4 | 1500 | 2.0 |
Central-North Bahia | 71,528 | 235 | 0.3 | 192 | 0.3 | 260 | 0.4 | 1699 | 2.4 |
Far-West Bahia | 36,306 | 98 | 0.3 | 81 | 0.2 | 108 | 0.3 | 786 | 2.2 |
Northeast Bahia | 33,449 | 108 | 0.3 | 93 | 0.3 | 148 | 0.4 | 780 | 2.3 |
São Francisco Valley of Bahia | 31,140 | 88 | 0.3 | 64 | 0.2 | 117 | 0.4 | 503 | 1.6 |
Total | 768,614 | 2890 | 0.4 | 2153 | 0.3 | 3120 | 0.4 | 19,672 | 2.6 |
Year | Person-Years | HIV + | Incidence per 100,000 (95% CI) | HTLV + | Incidence per 100,000 (95% CI) | HCV + | Incidence per 100,000 (95% CI) | HBV + | Incidence per 100,000 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N) | (N) | (N) | (N) | ||||||
2008–2009 | 28,290 | 43 | 152.0 (106.6–197.4) | 3 | 10.6 (0–22.6) | 16 | 56.6 (28.9–84.3) | 30 | 106.0 (68–144) |
2010–2011 | 100,240 | 57 | 56.9 (42.1–71.6) | 39 | 38.9 (26.7–51.1) | 94 | 93.8 (74.8–112.7) | 199 | 198.5 (170.9–226.1) |
2012–2013 | 188,743 | 133 | 70.5 (58.5–82.4) | 32 | 16.9 (11.1–22.8) | 84 | 44.5 (35–54) | 155 | 82.1 (69.2–95.1) |
2014–2015 | 269,924 | 95 | 35.2 (28.1–42.3) | 100 | 37.1 (30–44.3) | 119 | 44.1 (36.2–52) | 175 | 64.8 (55.2–74.4) |
2016–2017 | 252,445 | 128 | 50.7 (41.9–59.5) | 111 | 44 (35.8–52.1) | 245 | 97.1 (84.9–109.2) | 206 | 81.6 (70.5–92.7) |
TOTAL | 839,642 | 456 | 54.3 (49.3–59.3) | 285 | 33.9 (30.0–37.9) | 558 | 66.5 (60.9–72.0) | 765 | 91.1 (84.6–95.7) |
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Luz, E.; Marques, M.; Netto, E.M.; Campos, L.M.; Amaral, S.; Santana, I.; Marques, E.L.; Brites, C. HIV, HTLV, and Hepatitis B and C Infection in Blood Donors in Bahia, Brazil from 2008 to 2017. Viruses 2022, 14, 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112323
Luz E, Marques M, Netto EM, Campos LM, Amaral S, Santana I, Marques EL, Brites C. HIV, HTLV, and Hepatitis B and C Infection in Blood Donors in Bahia, Brazil from 2008 to 2017. Viruses. 2022; 14(11):2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112323
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuz, Estela, Marinho Marques, Eduardo Martins Netto, Luisa Meireles Campos, Sávio Amaral, Iraildes Santana, Eduardo Luz Marques, and Carlos Brites. 2022. "HIV, HTLV, and Hepatitis B and C Infection in Blood Donors in Bahia, Brazil from 2008 to 2017" Viruses 14, no. 11: 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112323
APA StyleLuz, E., Marques, M., Netto, E. M., Campos, L. M., Amaral, S., Santana, I., Marques, E. L., & Brites, C. (2022). HIV, HTLV, and Hepatitis B and C Infection in Blood Donors in Bahia, Brazil from 2008 to 2017. Viruses, 14(11), 2323. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112323