Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Bacterial Strains
2.2. Phage S1 Isolation
2.3. Enumeration of Phages
2.4. Sequencing and Annotation of Phage S1
2.5. Efficiency of Plating of Phage S1
2.6. Encapsulation of Phage S1 in ALG Beads
2.7. Determination of the Encapsulation Efficiency
2.8. Comparison of SE PT13A Growth under the Exposure of ALG and ALG + Phage
2.9. In Vitro Protection and Telease of Free Phages and Encapsulated Phages in ALG Beads
2.10. In Vivo Assays
2.10.1. Experimental Animals
2.10.2. Degradation of the ALG Beads and Phage S1 Release
2.10.3. Elimination of SE PT13A in Chickens
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sequencing of Phage S1
3.2. Host Range by EOP
3.3. Particle Size and Encapsulation Efficiency
3.4. Comparison of SE PT13A Growth under the Exposure of ALG and ALG + Phage
3.5. In Vitro Protection and Release of Free Phages and Encapsulated Phages in ALG Beads
3.6. In Vivo Assays
3.6.1. Degradation of the ALG Beads and Phage S1 Release
3.6.2. Elimination of SE PT13A in Chickens
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Infection | Treatments | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 2 | Day3 | Day 8 | |
A | No infection | ALG beads + S1 at 4.9 × 109 PFU | ||
B | S.E. at 4 × 106 UFC | S.E. at 4 × 107 UFC | S.E. at 2.5 × 109 UFC | No treatment |
C | Antibiotic treatment | |||
D | ALG beads + S1 at 4.9 × 109 PFU | |||
E | ALG beads |
ORF | Product | Chromosomal Locus (nt) | Accession Number | Database | e-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Major capsid protein | 1–978 | YP009821716.1 | NCBI | 5.2 × 10213 |
6 | Putative tail protein 1 | 2907–3527 | QMV47842.1 | NCBI | 3 × 10−134 |
7 | Putative tail protein 2 | 3527–6484 | Q6QGE2 | UniProtKB | 0 |
8 | Putative tail protein 3 | 6554–7195 | Q6QGE2 | UniProtKB | 9.5 × 10−10 |
9 | Putative tail protein 4 | 7208–9082 | QMV47844.1 | NCBI | 6.8 × 10−32 |
10 | Putative sheath protein | 9170–10,309 | Q24LI4 | UniProtKB | 5.6 × 10−19 |
11 | Putative structural protein | 10,320–10,751 | D6RRG7 | UniProtKB | 1.8 × 10−13 |
12 | Putative tail assembly chaperone protein | 10,768–11,196 | PF10876.10 | Pfam | 5.6 × 10−15 |
13 | Putative tape measure protein | 11,362–13,023 | Q6KGH8 | UniProtKB | 7.2 × 10−06 |
16 | Putative baseplate protein 1 | 14,250–15,200 | 10312 | UniProtKB | 1.8 × 10−02 |
17 | Putative puncturing protein | 15,190–15,834 | PF18352.3 | Pfam | 5 × 10−18 |
18 | Putative baseplate protein 2 | 15,843–16,214 | P09425 | UniProtKB | 4.1 × 10−7 |
19 | Putative baseplate protein 3 | 16,218–17,381 | Q9T1V2 | UniProtKB | 3 × 10−10 |
21 | Tail fiber protein S | 18,020–19,369 | Q9T1V0 | UniProtKB | 6.9 × 10−18 |
22 | Tail fiber assembly protein U | 19,369–19,911 | Q71TD6 | UniProtKB | 2.9 × 10−18 |
23 | Putative tail fiber assembly protein U’ | 19,914–20,423 | Q71TD7 | UniProtKB | 6.9 × 10−18 |
24 | Putative holin | 20,525–20,788 | PF16080.7 | Pfam | 6.7 × 10−04 |
25 | SAR-endolysin | 20,763–21,308 | Q37875 | UniProtKB | 7.4 × 10−13 |
26 | Putative spanin inner membrane subunit | 21,287–21,616 | Q9T1X1 | UniProtKB | 2 × 10−9 |
29 | DNA polymerase | 22,342–24,312c | P19822 | UniProtKB | 1.5 × 10−49 |
31 | Thymidylate synthase | 25,340–26,224c | P00471 | UniProtKB | 3.4 × 10−40 |
36 | Putative ATP-dependent DNA helicase | 28,586–30,259c | P20703 | UniProtKB | 2.3 × 10−32 |
38 | Putative exonuclease | 31,377–30,466c | P03697 | UniProtKB | 1.8 × 10−04 |
39 | Putative deoxycytidylate deaminase | 31,343–31,807c | P00814 | UniProtKB | 1.4 × 10−13 |
54 | Anaerobic NTP reductase small subunit | 38,921–41,455 | YP009821771.1 | NCBI | 0 |
55 | Putative resolvase | 41,950–42,378 | Q98VP9 | UniProtKB | 1.6 × 10−04 |
68 | Putative dihydrofolate reductase | 46,756–47,427 | Q6QGJ4 | UniProtKB | 6.4 × 10−06 |
73 | Putative terminase large subunit | 49,484–50,932 | P54308 | UniProtKB | 6.3 × 10−16 |
74 | Portal protein | 50,934–52,496 | O64207 | UniProtKB | 6.5 × 10−10 |
Bacteria | Identification of Bacteria | EOP |
---|---|---|
S. Enteritidis (SE PT13A) | Host strain | 1 |
S. Typhi | ICTH | 0 |
S. Pullorum | ICTP | 0.61 |
S. Gallinarum | ICTP | 0.58 |
S. Cholerasuis | ICTH | 0 |
C. freundii | ICTH | 0 |
E. cloacae | ICTH | 0 |
E. coli | ICTH | 0 |
Section of the GIT | 1 H Post Infection | 3 H Post Infection | 5 H Post Infection | 17 H Post Infection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C #1 | C #2 | C #1 | C #2 | C #1 | C #2 | C #1 | C #2 | |
Crop | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | − |
Gizzard | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Duodenum | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − |
Cecum | − | − | + | + | − | + | − | − |
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Gomez-Garcia, J.; Chavez-Carbajal, A.; Segundo-Arizmendi, N.; Baron-Pichardo, M.G.; Mendoza-Elvira, S.E.; Hernandez-Baltazar, E.; Hynes, A.P.; Torres-Angeles, O. Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses 2021, 13, 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932
Gomez-Garcia J, Chavez-Carbajal A, Segundo-Arizmendi N, Baron-Pichardo MG, Mendoza-Elvira SE, Hernandez-Baltazar E, Hynes AP, Torres-Angeles O. Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses. 2021; 13(10):1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomez-Garcia, Janeth, Alejandra Chavez-Carbajal, Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi, Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo, Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira, Efren Hernandez-Baltazar, Alexander P. Hynes, and Oscar Torres-Angeles. 2021. "Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection" Viruses 13, no. 10: 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932