Enhancing Forest Utilization and Quality of Life: An Integrated Approach to Promoting Forest Activities
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Survey Design and Sampling
2.2. Operational Definition
2.3. Study Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptives Satistics
3.2. Group Difference Analysis
3.3. Correlation and Multi-Commonality Analysis
3.4. Hierarchical Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bowler, D.E.; Buyung-Ali, L.M.; Knight, T.M.; Pullin, A.S. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, 456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaplan, S. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. J. Environ. Psychol. 1995, 15, 169–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chun, M.H.; Chang, M.C.; Lee, S.J. The effects of forest therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke. Int. J. Neurosci. 2017, 127, 199–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Effects of walking in a forest on young women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hassan, A.; Tao, J.; Li, G.; Jiang, M.; Liu, A.; Jiang, Z.; Liu, Z.; Chen, Q. Effects of walking in bamboo forest and city environments on brainwave activity in young adults. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 2018, 9653857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barton, J.; Rogerson, M. The importance of greenspace for mental health. BJPsych Int. 2017, 14, 79–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ulrich, R.S.; Simons, R.F.; Losito, B.D.; Fiorito, E.; Miles, M.A.; Zelson, M. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. J. Environ. Psychol. 1991, 11, 201–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olafsdottir, G.; Cloke, P.; Schulz, A.; Van Dyck, Z.; Eysteinsson, T.; Thorleifsdottir, B.; Vögele, C. Health benefits of walking in nature: A randomized controlled study under conditions of real-life stress. Environ. Behav. 2020, 52, 248–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajoo, K.S.; Karam, D.S.; Aziz, N.A.A. Developing an effective forest therapy program to manage academic stress in conservative societies: A multi-disciplinary approach. Urban For. Urban Green. 2019, 43, 126353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corazon, S.S.; Sidenius, U.; Poulsen, D.V.; Gramkow, M.C.; Stigsdotter, U.K. Psycho-physiological stress recovery in outdoor nature-based interventions: A systematic review of the past eight years of research. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, M.M.; Jones, R.; Tocchini, K. Shinrin-yoku (forest bathing) and nature therapy: A state-of-the-art review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Twohig-Bennett, C.; Jones, A. The health benefits of the great outdoors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environ. Res. 2018, 166, 628–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bratman, G.N.; Anderson, C.B.; Berman, M.G.; Cochran, B.; De Vries, S.; Flanders, J.; Folke, C.; Frumkin, H.; Gross, J.J.; Hartig, T.; et al. Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaax0903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Braubach, M.; Egorov, A.; Mudu, P.; Wolf, T.; Ward Thompson, C.; Martuzzi, M. Effects of urban green space on environmental health, equity and resilience. In Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2017; pp. 187–205. [Google Scholar]
- Tsunetsugu, Y.; Park, B.J.; Ishii, H.; Hirano, H.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest) in an old-growth broadleaf forest in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2007, 26, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bielinis, E.; Bielinis, L.; Krupińska-Szeluga, S.; Łukowski, A.; Takayama, N. The effects of a short forest recreation program on physiological and psychological relaxation in young polish adults. Forests 2019, 10, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of forest-related visual, olfactory, and combined stimuli on humans: An additive combined effect. Urban For. Urban Green. 2019, 44, 126437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, C.; Ikei, H.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. Effect of viewing real forest landscapes on brain activity. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peterfalvi, A.; Meggyes, M.; Makszin, L.; Farkas, N.; Miko, E.; Miseta, A.; Szereday, L. Forest bathing always makes sense: Blood pressure-lowering and immune system-balancing effects in late spring and winter in Central Europe. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, G.X.; Lan, X.G.; Cao, Y.B.; Chen, Z.M.; He, Z.H.; Lv, Y.D.; Wang, Y.Z.; Hu, X.L.; Wang, G.F.; Jing, Y.A.N. Effects of short-term forest bathing on human health in a broad-leaved evergreen forest in Zhejiang Province, China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2012, 25, 317–324. [Google Scholar]
- Lyu, B.; Zeng, C.; Xie, S.; Li, D.; Lin, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, M.; Liu, S.; Chen, Q. Benefits of a three-day bamboo forest therapy session on the psychophysiology and immune system responses of male college students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Kawada, T. Effect of forest therapy on the human psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune network. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. Jpn. J. Hyg. 2011, 66, 645–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, T.; Nordin, N.A.; Aini, A.M. Urban green space and subjective well-being of older people: A systematic literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bang, K.S.; Lee, I.S.; Kim, S.J.; Song, M.K.; Park, S.E. The effects of urban forest-walking program on health promotion behavior, physical health, depression, and quality of life: A randomized controlled trial of office-workers. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2016, 46, 140–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, B.J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kasetani, T.; Hirano, H.; Kagawa, T.; Sato, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological effects of shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest)—Using salivary cortisol and cerebral activity as indicators—. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2007, 26, 123–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Horiuchi, M.; Endo, J.; Takayama, N.; Murase, K.; Nishiyama, N.; Saito, H.; Fujiwara, A. Impact of viewing vs. not viewing a real forest on physiological and psychological responses in the same setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 10883–10901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartig, T.; Mang, M.; Evans, G.W. Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environ. Behav. 1991, 23, 3–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, M.P.; Elliott, L.R.; Grellier, J.; Economou, T.; Bell, S.; Bratman, G.N.; Cirach, M.; Gascon, M.; Lima, M.L.; Lõhmus, M.; et al. Associations between green/blue spaces and mental health across 18 countries. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 8903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maas, J.; Verheij, R.A.; Groenewegen, P.P.; De Vries, S.; Spreeuwenberg, P. Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2006, 60, 587–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peen, J.; Schoevers, R.A.; Beekman, A.T.; Dekker, J. The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2010, 121, 84–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bratman, G.N.; Hamilton, J.P.; Daily, G.C. The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2012, 1249, 118–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, W.S.; Shin, C.S.; Yeoun, P.S. The influence of forest therapy camp on depression in alcoholics. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2012, 17, 73–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, B.J.; Tsunetsugu, Y.; Kasetani, T.; Kagawa, T.; Miyazaki, Y. The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2010, 15, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oh, B.; Lee, K.J.; Zaslawski, C.; Yeung, A.; Rosenthal, D.; Larkey, L.; Back, M. Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: Systematic review. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2017, 22, 71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kondo, M.C.; Fluehr, J.M.; McKeon, T.; Branas, C.C. Urban green space and its impact on human health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, R.; Huang, L.; Wang, H. Accessibility improvement and renewal of urban park green space for the elderly and the disabled. Forests 2023, 14, 1801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodev, Y.; Zhiyanski, M.; Glushkova, M.; Shin, W.S. Forest welfare services-the missing link between forest policy and management in the EU. For. Policy Econ. 2020, 118, 102249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chu, Y.T.; Li, D.; Chang, P.J. Effects of urban park quality, environmental perception, and leisure activity on well-being among the older population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mouratidis, K. Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Cities 2021, 115, 103229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.-H.; Kang, B.-H.; Lee, E.-J.; Kang, H.-J.; Lee, J.-H. An analysis of the relationship between user characteris-tics and forest welfare facilities: Focusing on correspondence analysis. J. Korean Soc. For. Sci. 2024, 113, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OECD. OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Cronbach, L.J. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951, 16, 297–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jang, Y.S.; Yoo, R.H.; Lee, J.H. The effects of visit characteristics in neighborhood forest on individual life satisfaction. J. People Plants Environ. 2019, 22, 677–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, R. Is physical activity in natural environments better for mental health than physical activity in other environments? Soc. Sci. Med. 2013, 91, 130–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Etkin, J.; Mogilner, C. Does variety among activities increase happiness? J. Consum. Res. 2016, 43, 210–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.J.; Cho, S.; Kim, E.K.; Hwang, S. Do more leisure time and leisure repertoire make us happier? An investigation of the curvilinear relationships. J. Happiness Stud. 2020, 21, 1727–1747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schulz, P.; Schulte, J.; Raube, S.; Disouky, H.; Kandler, C. The role of leisure interest and engagement for subjective well-being. J. Happiness Stud. 2018, 19, 1135–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Survey Questions |
---|
How happy do you think you were yesterday? |
How depressed were you yesterday? (reverse question) |
How worried were you yesterday? (reverse question) |
How satisfied are you with your overall life these days? |
How valuable to you is the work you are doing these days? |
Variables | Number of Respondents (N) | Percentage (%) | Variables | Number of Respondents (N) | Percentage (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 5307 | 46.32 | Children | With | 9052 | 79.01 |
Female | 6150 | 53.68 | Without | 2405 | 20.99 | ||
Age | 15~19 | 862 | 7.52 | Type of Residence | Single-Family House | 2472 | 21.58 |
20~29 | 1339 | 11.69 | Apartment | 6848 | 59.77 | ||
30~39 | 1625 | 14.18 | Townhouse/Rowhouse | 1964 | 17.14 | ||
40~49 | 1794 | 15.66 | Other | 173 | 1.51 | ||
50~59 | 2379 | 20.76 | Regional Scale | Major City | 7595 | 66.29 | |
Over 60 | 3458 | 30.18 | Small-to-Medium City | 2943 | 25.69 | ||
Monthly Household Income (million won) | Under 100 | 399 | 3.48 | Rural Area | 919 | 8.02 | |
100~200 | 736 | 6.43 | Educational Level | <Elementary School | 632 | 5.52 | |
200~300 | 1118 | 9.76 | Middle-School Graduate | 1416 | 12.36 | ||
300~400 | 1664 | 14.52 | High-School Graduate | 4176 | 36.45 | ||
400~500 | 2137 | 18.65 | >University graduate | 5233 | 45.67 | ||
500~600 | 2062 | 18.00 | Marital Status | Single | 3090 | 26.97 | |
600~700 | 1638 | 14.30 | Married | 7074 | 61.74 | ||
Over 700 | 1703 | 14.86 | Other | 1293 | 11.29 | ||
Occupation | Management | 164 | 1.43 | Residential Area | Seoul | 2188 | 19.10 |
Professional or Related Worker | 319 | 2.78 | Busan | 611 | 5.33 | ||
Clerk | 2235 | 19.51 | Daegu | 542 | 4.73 | ||
Service Worker | 1712 | 14.94 | Incheon | 646 | 5.64 | ||
Sales Worker | 1240 | 10.82 | Gwangju | 438 | 3.82 | ||
Skilled Agricultural Forestry and Fishery Worker | 383 | 3.34 | Daejeon | 435 | 3.80 | ||
Craft and Related Trade Worker | 678 | 5.92 | Ulsan | 335 | 2.92 | ||
Sejong | 216 | 1.89 | |||||
Equipment Operator | 267 | 2.33 | Gyeonggi | 2263 | 19.75 | ||
Gangwon | 403 | 3.52 | |||||
Elementary Worker | 420 | 3.67 | Chungbuk | 483 | 4.21 | ||
Soldier | 13 | 0.11 | Chungnam | 552 | 4.82 | ||
Student | 1288 | 11.24 | Jeonbuk | 471 | 4.11 | ||
Housemaker | 1902 | 16.60 | Jeonnam | 459 | 4.01 | ||
Preparing for Employment | 73 | 0.64 | Gyeongbuk | 612 | 5.34 | ||
Unemployed | 755 | 6.60 | Gyeongnam | 598 | 5.22 | ||
Others | 8 | 0.07 | Jeju | 205 | 1.79 |
Variables | Number of Respondents (N) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
None | 2020 | 17.63 |
Only daily | 3399 | 29.68 |
Only same-day | 1667 | 14.55 |
Only accommodation type | 800 | 6.98 |
Daily and same-day | 1915 | 16.71 |
Daily and accommodation-type | 368 | 3.21 |
Same-day and accommodation type | 729 | 6.36 |
All | 559 | 4.88 |
Total | 11,457 | 100.00 |
Variables | Number of Respondents (N) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Program Participation | ||
Never | 10,745 | 93.80 |
1 time | 687 | 6.01 |
2 times | 164 | 1.43 |
3 times | 41 | 0.36 |
Total | 9437 | 100.00 |
Facility Use | ||
Never | 8006 | 69.89 |
1 time | 2047 | 17.87 |
2 times | 910 | 7.95 |
3 times | 674 | 5.89 |
Total | 9437 | 100.00 |
Utilization Diversity | ||
All | 860 | 7.51 |
Facility or Program | 2803 | 24.46 |
None | 7794 | 68.03 |
Total | 11,457 | 100.0 |
Variable | Number of Respondents (N) | Average | Standard Deviation | Kurtosis | Skewness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | 2020 | 6.474 | 1.297 | 0.172 | −0.253 |
Only daily | 3399 | 6.744 | 1.182 | −0.173 | −0.072 |
Only same-day | 1667 | 6.998 | 1.141 | −0.417 | −0.076 |
Only accommodation type | 800 | 7.006 | 1.132 | 0.002 | −0.321 |
Daily and same-day | 1915 | 7.087 | 1.096 | −0.243 | −0.209 |
Daily and Accommodation-type | 368 | 7.135 | 1.214 | −0.819 | 0.025 |
Same-day and Accommodation-type | 729 | 7.116 | 1.133 | −0.315 | −0.260 |
All | 559 | 7.391 | 1.097 | −0.118 | −0.322 |
Total | 11,457 | 6.877 | 1.200 | −0.062 | −0.220 |
Levene’s statistic = 10.289, p = 0.000 |
Variable | Number of Respondents (N) | Average | Standard Deviation | Kurtosis | Skewness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | 6.8079 | 7794 | 1.22344 | 0.022 | −0.203 |
Facility or Program | 6.7777 | 860 | 1.17151 | −0.389 | 0.249 |
All | 7.1007 | 2803 | 1.11618 | −0.208 | −0.359 |
Total | 6.8773 | 11,457 | 1.20087 | −0.062 | −0.220 |
Levene’s statistic = 10.289, p = 0.000 |
Activity Diversity Life Satisfaction | Utilization Diversity Life Satisfaction | ||
---|---|---|---|
461.667 | 146.234 | ||
Degree of Freedom | 7 | Degree of Freedom | 2 |
p-value | 0.000 | p-value | 0.000 |
Variables | Intercept Statistics | Standard Deviation | Standardized Statistics | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
None—Daily | −620.597 | 92.802 | −6.687 | 0.000 *** |
None—Same-Day | −1303.933 | 109.306 | −11.929 | 0.000 *** |
None—Accommodation Type | −1386.521 | 137.992 | −10.048 | 0.000 *** |
None—Daily and Same-Day | −1581.568 | 105.357 | −15.012 | 0.000 *** |
None—Daily and Accommodation Type | −1520.176 | 187.227 | −8.654 | 0.000 *** |
None—Daily and Accommodation Type | −1669.088 | 142.725 | −11.694 | 0.000 *** |
None—All Types | −2428.614 | 157.868 | −15.384 | 0.000 *** |
Daily—Same-Day | −683.337 | 98.773 | −6.918 | 0.000 *** |
Daily—Accommodation Type | −765.925 | 129.809 | −5.900 | 0.000 *** |
Daily—Daily and Same-Day | −960.971 | 94.385 | −10.181 | 0.000 *** |
Daily—Daily and Accommodation Type | −999.580 | 181.280 | −5.514 | 0.000 *** |
Daily—Same-Day and Accommodation Type | −1048.491 | 134.828 | −7.776 | 0.000 *** |
Daily—All Types | −1808.018 | 150.767 | −11.992 | 0.000 *** |
Same-Day—Accommodation Type | −82.588 | 142.077 | −0.581 | 1.000 |
Same-Day—Daily and Same-Day | −277.634 | 110.653 | −2.509 | 0.339 |
Same-Day—Daily and Accommodation Type | −316.243 | 190.257 | −1.662 | 1.000 |
Same-Day—Daily and Same-Day and Accommodation Type | −365.154 | 146.677 | −2.490 | 0.358 |
Same-Day—All Types | −1124.681 | 161.451 | −6.966 | 0.000 *** |
Accommodation Type—Daily and Same-Day | −195.047 | 139.061 | −1.403 | 1.000 |
Accommodation Type—Daily and Accommodation Type | −233.655 | 208.067 | −1.123 | 1.000 |
Accommodation Type—Same-Day and Accommodation Type | −282.567 | 169.140 | −1.671 | 1.000 |
Accommodation Type—All Types | −1042.093 | 182.100 | −5.723 | 0.000 *** |
Daily and Same-Day—Daily and Accommodation Type | −38.609 | 188.016 | −0.205 | 1.000 |
Daily and Same-Day—Daily and Accommodation Type | −87.520 | 143.758 | −0.609 | 1.000 |
Daily and Same-Day—All Types | −847.046 | 158.804 | −5.334 | 0.000 *** |
Daily and Accommodation Type—Same-Day and Accommodation Type | −48.912 | 211.235 | −0.232 | 1.000 |
Daily and Accommodation Type—All Types | −808.438 | 221.749 | −3.646 | 0.007 *** |
Daily and Accommodation Type—All Types | −759.526 | 185.712 | −4.090 | 0.001 *** |
Variables | Intercept Statistics | Standard Deviation | Standardized Statistics | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No experience—Experience only in facility or program | 201.240 | 188.694 | 1.695 | 0.270 |
Experience only in facility or program—Experience in all | −1040.807 | 128.768 | −8.083 | 0.000 *** |
No experience—Experience in all | −839.567 | 72.753 | −11.540 | 0.000 *** |
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | CC | 1.000 | |||||||||
p-value | |||||||||||
B | CC | 0.002 | 1.000 | ||||||||
p-value | 0.863 | ||||||||||
C | CC | 0.173 | 0.241 | 1.000 | |||||||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||
D | CC | −0.036 | −0.376 | −0.313 | 1.000 | ||||||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||
E | CC | −0.108 | −0.302 | −0.590 | 0.347 | 1.000 | |||||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||
F | CC | 0.084 | 0.730 | 0.153 | −0.324 | −0.160 | 1.000 | ||||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
G | CC | −0.460 | 0.116 | −0.255 | 0.183 | 0.207 | 0.221 | 1.000 | |||
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
H | CC | 0.000 | −0.126 | −0.085 | 0.130 | 0.139 | −0.077 | 0.048 | 1.000 | ||
p-value | 0.988 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
I | CC | 0.005 | 0.108 | 0.075 | −0.197 | −0.186 | 0.087 | −0.048 | −0.274 | 1.000 | |
p-value | 0.566 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||
J | CC | 0.001 | 0.097 | 0.087 | −0.233 | −0.148 | 0.099 | −0.043 | −0.266 | 0.607 | 1.000 |
p-value | 0.944 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | B | B | |||||
(Constant) | 7.394 | 7.278 | 7.279 | ||||
Gender | Female | ||||||
Male | −0.007 | −0.003 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.003 | |
Age | Over 60 | ||||||
20~29 | −0.032 | −0.009 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.025 | 0.007 | |
30~39 | −0.151 | −0.044 *** | −0.134 | −0.039 ** | −0.129 | −0.037 ** | |
40~49 | −0.098 | −0.030 * | −0.088 | −0.027 * | −0.095 | −0.029 * | |
50~59 | −0.096 | −0.032 ** | −0.098 | −0.033 ** | −0.096 | −0.033 ** | |
Household Income (KRW million) | 400~500 | ||||||
Under 100 | −0.254 | −0.0039 *** | −0.236 | −0.036 ** | −0.235 | −0.036 ** | |
100~200 | −0.197 | −0.040 *** | −0.173 | −0.035 ** | −0.170 | −0.035 ** | |
200~300 | −0.316 | −0.078 *** | −0.288 | −0.071 *** | −0.296 | −0.073 *** | |
300~400 | −0.161 | −0.047 *** | −0.151 | −0.044 *** | −0.149 | −0.044 *** | |
500~600 | −0.017 | −0.006 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.001 | |
600~700 | −0.042 | −0.012 | −0.032 | −0.009 | −0.028 | −0.008 | |
Over 700 | −0.093 | −0.027 * | −0.070 | −0.021 | −0.073 | −0.022 | |
Occupation | Clerk | ||||||
Management | −0.431 | −0.043 *** | −0.435 | −0.043 *** | −0.452 | −0.045 *** | |
professionals and related workers | −0.058 | −0.008 | −0.072 | −0.010 | −0.063 | −0.009 | |
Service worker | −0.045 | −0.013 | −0.054 | −0.016 | −0.061 | −0.018 | |
Sales worker | −0.062 | −0.016 | −0.064 | −0.017 | −0.068 | −0.017 | |
Skilled agricultural forestry and fishery worker | −0.193 | −0.029 ** | −0.202 | −0.030 ** | −0.211 | −0.032 ** | |
Craft and related trade workers | −0.121 | −0.024 * | −0.116 | −0.023 * | −0.127 | −0.025 * | |
Equipment operator | −0.213 | −0.027 ** | −0.194 | −0.024 * | −0.188 | −0.024 * | |
Elementary worker | −0.193 | −0.030 *** | −0.189 | −0.030 ** | −0.194 | −0.030 ** | |
Soldier | 0.214 | 0.006 | 0.250 | 0.007 | 0.219 | 0.006 | |
Housemaker | −0.236 | −0.073 *** | −0.251 | −0.078 *** | −0.252 | −0.078 *** | |
Job Seeker | −0.931 | −0.062 *** | −0.846 | −0.056 *** | −0.860 | −0.057 *** | |
Unemployed | −0.439 | −0.091 *** | −0.414 | −0.086 *** | −0.425 | −0.088 *** | |
Others | 1.046 | 0.023 * | 1.008 | 0.022 * | 1.036 | 0.023 * | |
Educational Level | >University Graduate | ||||||
<Elementary school | −0.775 | −0.147 *** | −0.611 | −0.116 *** | −0.617 | −0.117 *** | |
Middle-school graduate | −0.489 | −0.134 *** | −0.364 | −0.100 *** | −0.369 | −0.101 *** | |
High-school graduate | −0.257 | −0.103 *** | −0.207 | −0.083 *** | −0.215 | −0.086 *** | |
Children | With | ||||||
Without | 0.054 | 0.018 | 0.064 | 0.022 | 0.061 | 0.021 | |
Type of Residence | Apartment | ||||||
Single-family house | 0.045 | 0.016 | 0.051 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 0.017 | |
Townhouse/ Rowhouse | −0.206 | −0.065 *** | −0.193 | −0.060 *** | −0.184 | −0.058 *** | |
Other | 0.024 | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.009 | −0.001 | |
Regional Scale | Major City | ||||||
Small-to-medium city | −0.170 | −0.062 *** | −0.165 | −0.060 *** | −0.158 | −0.057 *** | |
Rural area | −0.151 | −0.034 *** | −0.171 | −0.039 *** | −0.179 | −0.041 *** | |
Activity Diversity | Only Daily | ||||||
None | 0.447 | 0.080 *** | 0.487 | 0.087 *** | |||
Only same-day | −0.306 | −0.097 *** | −0.299 | −0.095 *** | |||
Only accommodation type | 0.074 | 0.022 * | 0.081 | 0.024 * | |||
Daily and same-say | 0.135 | 0.027 ** | 0.153 | 0.031 ** | |||
Daily and accommodation type | 0.200 | 0.062 *** | 0.203 | 0.063 *** | |||
Same-say and accommodation type | 0.231 | 0.034 *** | 0.249 | 0.037 *** | |||
All | 0.056 | 0.012 | 0.065 | 0.014 | |||
Utilization Diversity | None | ||||||
All | −0.330 | −0.072 *** | |||||
Facility or program | 0.101 | 0.036 *** | |||||
Model | R2 | Adjusted R2 | ∆ | F | p-value | Durbin- Watson | |
1 | 0.079 | 0.077 | 0.079 | 28.931 | 0.000 | ||
2 | 0.102 | 0.099 | 0.023 | 41.547 | 0.000 | ||
3 | 0.109 | 0.106 | 0.007 | 46.254 | 0.000 | 0.909 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lee, S.-h.; Kim, S.; Lee, J. Enhancing Forest Utilization and Quality of Life: An Integrated Approach to Promoting Forest Activities. Forests 2024, 15, 2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122237
Lee S-h, Kim S, Lee J. Enhancing Forest Utilization and Quality of Life: An Integrated Approach to Promoting Forest Activities. Forests. 2024; 15(12):2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122237
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seo-hyo, Soojin Kim, and Jeonghee Lee. 2024. "Enhancing Forest Utilization and Quality of Life: An Integrated Approach to Promoting Forest Activities" Forests 15, no. 12: 2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122237
APA StyleLee, S.-h., Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2024). Enhancing Forest Utilization and Quality of Life: An Integrated Approach to Promoting Forest Activities. Forests, 15(12), 2237. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122237