The Influence of Visitors’ Recreation Experience and Environmental Attitude on Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Case Study of an Urban Forest Park, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Importance of Urban Forests during COVID-19
2.2. The Relationship among Forest Recreation Experience, EA, and ERB
2.3. The Moderating Effect of Gender
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Site
3.2. Questionnaire Design
3.3. Field Survey
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Profile
4.2. Measurement Model Testing
4.2.1. Reliability Test and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.2.2. Validity Test
4.3. Structural Model and Hypotheses Testing
4.3.1. Goodness-of-Fit Test of the Structural Model
4.3.2. Hypotheses Test
4.3.3. Mediating Effect Analysis
4.4. Moderating Effect of Gender
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Frequency (n = 468) | Percentage (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 223 | 47.6 |
Female | 245 | 52.4 | |
Age | 18 to 35 years | 219 | 46.8 |
36 to 45 years | 118 | 25.2 | |
46 to 55 years | 59 | 12.6 | |
56 to 65 years | 41 | 8.8 | |
Over 65 years | 31 | 6.6 | |
Education | High school or below | 74 | 15.8 |
Associate degree | 138 | 29.5 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 187 | 40.0 | |
Master’s degree or above | 69 | 14.7 | |
Occupation | Enterprise employee | 177 | 37.8 |
Self-employment or owner | 76 | 16.2 | |
Student | 49 | 10.5 | |
Government official | 69 | 14.7 | |
Professional, teacher, or technical | 51 | 10.9 | |
Other | 46 | 9.8 | |
Personal monthly income (CNY) | Less than 3000 | 64 | 13.7 |
3001–6000 | 126 | 26.9 | |
6001–10,000 | 163 | 34.8 | |
10,001–15,000 | 69 | 14.7 | |
More than 15,000 | 46 | 9.8 |
Dependent Variables | Mean (SD) | Factor Loading | CR | AVE | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | 0.849 | 0.652 | 0.849 | ||
The experience made me more knowledgeable | 3.51 (0.92) | 0.811 | |||
It was a learning experience | 3.43 (0.94) | 0.795 | |||
It inspired my curiosity to learn new things | 3.47 (0.93) | 0.816 | |||
Entertainment | 0.833 | 0.625 | 0.832 | ||
Experiential activities were amusing | 3.04 (0.87) | 0.804 | |||
Experiential activities were captivating | 3.16 (0.90) | 0.805 | |||
Experiential activities were entertaining | 3.20 (0.90) | 0.761 | |||
Aesthetics | 0.905 | 0.704 | 0.902 | ||
The setting of the forest park was attractive | 3.44 (1.05) | 0.860 | |||
The forest park was set up with design details | 3.38 (1.13) | 0.802 | |||
Being here was pleasant | 3.39 (1.10) | 0.776 | |||
I felt real harmony | 3.44 (1.10) | 0.912 | |||
Escapism | 0.910 | 0.717 | 0.909 | ||
I felt like playing a different character here | 3.58 (0.99) | 0.875 | |||
The experience made me imagine being someone else | 3.56 (0.96) | 0.773 | |||
I escaped from my daily routine | 3.55 (0.96) | 0.810 | |||
I felt I was in a different time or place | 3.57 (0.99) | 0.922 | |||
EA | 0.922 | 0.567 | 0.922 | ||
We are approaching the limit number of people the earth can support | 3.87 (1.14) | 0.830 | |||
Earth is like a spaceship with limited room and resources | 3.60 (1.02) | 0.725 | |||
Humans have no right to alter the natural environment to suit their needs | 3.57 (0.98) | 0.705 | |||
Plants and animals have the same right to exist as humans | 3.80 (1.12) | 0.797 | |||
Humans shouldn’t rule over the rest of nature | 3.61 (1.08) | 0.753 | |||
Human interference with nature often produces disastrous consequences | 3.71 (1.02) | 0.787 | |||
Nature’s balance is delicate and easily upset | 3.62 (0.99) | 0.703 | |||
Humans are still subject to the laws of nature despite special abilities | 3.55 (0.99) | 0.729 | |||
Humans learn enough about how nature works to control it | 3.57 (1.02) | 0.740 | |||
ERB | 0.895 | 0.587 | 0.894 | ||
I abide by the legal ways not to destroy the destination’s environment I report environmental pollution or destruction to the destination administration | 3.56 (1.12) 3.55 (1.06) | 0.794 0.723 | |||
I try to throw away garbage and branches when I see them | 3.50 (1.05) | 0.728 | |||
I’ll attend the environment cleaning activities | 3.55 (1.13) | 0.775 | |||
I’d convince my travel companions to protect the natural environment | 3.61 (1.02) | 0.764 | |||
During travel, I try not to disturb the fauna and flora (animals and plants) | 3.53 (1.03) | 0.810 |
Variables | Education | Entertainment | Aesthetics | Escapism | EA | ERB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | 0.807 | |||||
Entertainment | 0.163 ** | 0.791 | ||||
Aesthetics | 0.166 ** | 0.519 ** | 0.839 | |||
Escapism | 0.108 * | 0.438 ** | 0.491 ** | 0.847 | ||
EA | 0.110 * | 0.432 ** | 0.489 ** | 0.479 ** | 0.753 | |
ERB | 0.142 ** | 0.475 ** | 0.533 ** | 0.482 ** | 0.474 ** | 0.766 |
Hypothesis Paths | Estimate | S.E. | t | p | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1: Education → EA | 0.001 | 0.055 | −0.008 | 0.993 | Not support |
H2: Aesthetics → EA | 0.258 | 0.055 | 4.736 | *** | Support |
H3: Entertainment → EA | 0.287 | 0.084 | 3.431 | *** | Support |
H4: Escapism → EA | 0.268 | 0.055 | 4.906 | *** | Support |
H5: Education → ERB | 0.041 | 0.050 | 0.823 | 0.410 | Not support |
H6: Aesthetics → ERB | 0.231 | 0.051 | 4.483 | *** | Support |
H7: Entertainment → ERB | 0.261 | 0.078 | 3.332 | *** | Support |
H8: Escapism → ERB | 0.172 | 0.051 | 3.354 | *** | Support |
H9: EA → ERB | 0.179 | 0.050 | 3.592 | *** | Support |
Mediation Path | Path Effects | Effect Size | Bias-Corrected 95% CI | Percentile 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Education → EA → ERB | Total | 0.041 | −0.070 | 0.159 | −0.074 | 0.156 |
Indirect | 0.000 | −0.022 | 0.021 | −0.023 | 0.021 | |
Direct | 0.041 | −0.066 | 0.151 | −0.068 | 0.151 | |
Aesthetics → EA → ERB | Total | 0.277 | 0.161 | 0.388 | 0.168 | 0.393 |
Indirect | 0.046 | 0.019 | 0.087 | 0.017 | 0.083 | |
Direct | 0.231 | 0.121 | 0.343 | 0.124 | 0.347 | |
Entertainment → EA → ERB | Total | 0.312 | 0.164 | 0.475 | 0.160 | 0.472 |
Indirect | 0.051 | 0.017 | 0.105 | 0.014 | 0.100 | |
Direct | 0.261 | 0.113 | 0.421 | 0.110 | 0.419 | |
Escapism → EA → ERB | Total | 0.220 | 0.125 | 0.323 | 0.121 | 0.320 |
Indirect | 0.048 | 0.017 | 0.093 | 0.016 | 0.092 | |
Direct | 0.172 | 0.070 | 0.266 | 0.070 | 0.266 |
Hypothesis Paths | Male Group | Female Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | t | p | Estimate | t | p | |
H1: Education → EA | 0.027 | 0.353 | 0.724 | −0.040 | −0.505 | 0.614 |
H2: Aesthetics → EA | 0.210 | 2.861 | 0.004 | 0.315 | 3.794 | *** |
H3: Entertainment → EA | 0.325 | 2.423 | 0.015 | 0.250 | 2.302 | 0.021 |
H4: Escapism → EA | 0.275 | 2.885 | 0.004 | 0.264 | 4.018 | *** |
H5: Education → ERB | −0.009 | −0.139 | 0.889 | 0.089 | 1.173 | 0.241 |
H6: Aesthetics → ERB | 0.155 | 2.438 | 0.015 | 0.305 | 3.636 | *** |
H7: Entertainment → ERB | 0.249 | 2.150 | 0.032 | 0.256 | 2.390 | 0.017 |
H8: Escapism → ERB | 0.181 | 2.207 | 0.027 | 0.171 | 2.596 | 0.009 |
H9: EA → ERB | 0.169 | 2.681 | 0.007 | 0.180 | 2.326 | 0.020 |
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Weng, L.; Zhu, Y.; Xu, X.; Yang, J.; Zheng, S.; Liu, H.; Wang, H.; Zhu, L. The Influence of Visitors’ Recreation Experience and Environmental Attitude on Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Case Study of an Urban Forest Park, China. Forests 2023, 14, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010024
Weng L, Zhu Y, Xu X, Yang J, Zheng S, Liu H, Wang H, Zhu L. The Influence of Visitors’ Recreation Experience and Environmental Attitude on Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Case Study of an Urban Forest Park, China. Forests. 2023; 14(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010024
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeng, Lisheng, Yijin Zhu, Xiangting Xu, Jiayi Yang, Shuhui Zheng, Huifang Liu, Hairong Wang, and Liqun Zhu. 2023. "The Influence of Visitors’ Recreation Experience and Environmental Attitude on Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Case Study of an Urban Forest Park, China" Forests 14, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010024
APA StyleWeng, L., Zhu, Y., Xu, X., Yang, J., Zheng, S., Liu, H., Wang, H., & Zhu, L. (2023). The Influence of Visitors’ Recreation Experience and Environmental Attitude on Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Case Study of an Urban Forest Park, China. Forests, 14(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010024