Contribution of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization for Livelihood Development in Central Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Timber Products in Rural Livelihood Development
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. General Characteristics of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Producers
4.2. Involvement of Producers in Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization
4.2.1. Acacia Hybrid Woodland Resource Access
4.2.2. Acacia Hybrid Woodland Management
4.2.3. Drivers of Involvement in Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization System
4.2.4. Engagement Level in the Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization System
4.3. Livelihood Contribution of Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization System
4.3.1. General Livelihood Portfolio of Small-Scale Hybrid Timber Producers
4.3.2. Contribution of Acacia Hybrid Timber Income to Producers’ Livelihoods
4.3.3. Distribution of Acacia Hybrid Timber Income across Income Groups
4.3.4. Determinants of Producers’ Acacia Hybrid Timber Income
4.4. Role of Acacia Hybrid Timber Income in Poverty Mitigation and Reducing Inequality
5. Discussion
5.1. General Characteristics of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Producers
5.2. Involvement of Producers in Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization
5.3. Livelihood Contribution of Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization System
5.4. Role of Acacia Hybrid Timber Income in Poverty Mitigation and Reducing Inequality
5.5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire for Producer Household Survey
Interviewer: | Date: |
Interviewee: | Village/commune/district: |
Code: |
Sex | Age | Marital status |
(1) Do not read and write | (2) Primary school | (3) Secondary school | (4) High school or higher (specify) |
Schooling years |
Total | Male | Female |
People of working age | Male | Female |
Number of main workers | Male | Female |
(1) Lowest | (2) Low-mid | (3) Middle | (4) Mid-upper | (5) Upper |
(1) Native to the area | (2) Long-time immigrant (>5 years) | (3) Recent immigrant (<5 years) | (4) Temporary resident |
If not native, specify years of living in the area |
Total | Agricultural land | Forest land | Aquaculture pond land |
Source | Type | Volume | Uses | Price | Important Level | Remarks (If Any) | |
Self-Consumption | Sell | ||||||
Agriculture | |||||||
Total forest Acacia hybrid plantations | |||||||
Fishery | |||||||
Livestock | |||||||
Wage | |||||||
Non-farm | |||||||
Total |
(1) Remarkably important, as it is the main income source | (2) Important to fill income gaps during cash shortage period | (3) Important for saving | (4) Important for capital accumulation | (5) Additional income, but not significant |
(1) Economically attractive | (2) Accessibility to forest land | (3) Simple technique | (4) Reduction of other incomes |
(5) Suitability for local soil conditions | (6) Ability to improve soil | (7) Labor does not compete with other activities | (8) Lack of alternative income sources |
(9) Supportive policy framework | (10) Others (specify) |
(1) <5 | (2) 5–10 | (3) 11–15 | (4) >15 |
Specify how many years |
(1) From family members | (2) From training/extension | (3) By doing | (4) By looking at others | (5) Other |
Program Name | Organizers | Time | Frequency | Trained Contents | Impacts on Current Practices | Remarks (If Any) |
(1) <5 | (2) 5–10 | (3) 10–15 | (4) >15 |
Specify the area | |||
Plantation density | Age |
(1) Government allocation | (2) Reclaiming uncultivated land | (3) Converting other land uses | (4) Others (specify) |
(1) Yes | (2) No | (3) Both |
If yes, for how long? | If no, why? who owns the Acacia woodlots? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If no, why? |
How far? (km) | By which mean of transport? | In how long (minutes)? |
Estimated cost (if possible) |
(1) Yes | (2) No | ||
If yes, how large the area, how long have been involved? current age of plantations? | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, how many (people/ha, working days/ha), for what activities, why, estimated costs? | If no, why? |
(1) Self-financing | (2) Borrowing from relatives | (3) Loans from financial institutions | (4) Loans from money lenders |
(5) Advance payment from buyers | (6) Other (specify) |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, when, why, impacts on timber business, solutions? |
Activities | Tools | Remarks (Purposes of Use, Ownership, etc.) |
(1) From seedling production companies, forestry companies, and nurseries (verified origin) | (2) From local seedling providers (no verified origin) | (3) Other (specify) |
Why do you decide to buy seedlings there? Apart from your regular providers, do you know any other seedling providers? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, which fertilizers, how much, when? | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, why? | If no, why? |
(1) ≤5 years | (2) >5 years | ||
Specify how many years. Why? | |||
Quality of timber (diameter, branches, etc.)? | |||
Harvested month(s)/season(s)? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, from what, previous experiences? | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, when, with whom? | If no, why, who harvest? |
Types of Cost | Relevant years | Remarks (If Any) |
I. Material and services | ||
Seedling | ||
Fertilizer | ||
II. Labor | ||
Land preparation | ||
Planting | ||
Fertilizing | ||
Tending | ||
III. Other costs | ||
Total |
(1) No processing | (2) Peeling the bark | (3) Shortening | (4) Grading | (5) Other (specify) |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, why, where, for how long, impacts the log quality | If no, why? |
(1) At production areas | (2) At storage areas | (4) At processing companies | (5) Other (specify) |
(1) How far do you need to transport your products? |
(2) What are transportation means? |
(3) How much is the transportation cost? |
(1) As standing trees | (2) As actual volume | (3) Both |
(1) Local traders | (2) Processing companies | (3) Timber wholesalers (or agents) |
(4) Directly to consumers | (5) Sawmills or carpenters | (6) Others (specify) |
(1) Yes | (1) No |
If yes, specify |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, how many | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, how? | If no, why? |
(1) Stable | (2) Increase | (3) Decrease | (4) Fluctuating |
Do you know the reasons for these changes? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, how? | If no, why, who decides the price? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, by which ways? | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If no, how much the price should be, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, by which ways, how much? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If no, why, who benefits most? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, who, how do you know? |
Types of Cost | Relevant Costs | Remarks (If Any) |
Processing costs | ||
Transportation costs | ||
Taxes and fees | ||
Others (specify) | ||
Total |
(1) Stable | (2) Increase | (3) Decrease | (4) Do not know |
If known, specify the reasons, impacts to your timber business |
(1) Will remain stable | (2) Will increase | (3) Will decrease | (4) Do not know |
(1) Plant in group | (2) Transport in group | (3) Process in group | (4) Sell in group |
(5) Share tools and techniques | (6) Share information | (7) No relationship | (8) Other (specify) |
Name | Year of Establishment | Main Concerning Products | Membership Requirements | Services | Remarks (If Any) |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, what cooperative/organizations? | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, which supports, from whom? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, with whom, for how long, your rights and responsibilities? | If no, why? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, from whom, when, how much, payment method? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, with whom, when? |
(1) Yes | (2) No |
If yes, which policies and regulations, how impact? | If no, why? |
Appendix B. R Code for the BMA Model
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Variable | Case Study Areas | |
---|---|---|
Nam Dong District | Phu Loc District | |
Study communes 1 | Huong Phu, Thuong Nhat, Thuong Quang | Loc Bon, Loc Hoa, Loc Tien |
Geographical location | Central Vietnam 16.2725° N, 107.9395° E | Central Vietnam 16.1250° N, 107.6707° E |
Topography | Undulating with mountains and hills. Mountainous area | Plain with undulating areas. Mixed with upland, lowland and coastal areas |
Accessibility | Low level of infrastructure Remote areas 2 | High level of infrastructure No remote areas |
Dominant ethnic groups | Kinh 3, Co Tu 4 | Kinh |
Economic structure | Traditional cultivation | Traditional cultivation |
Acacia hybrid plantation forest area (ha) | 4214 (81% of plantation area) | 11,640 (82% of plantation area) |
Number of households involved in Acacia hybrid timber production (No.) | 1781 | 3213 |
Number of wood processing firms (No.) | 1–3 | 18–20 |
Acacia plantation establishment | One of the two last districts in Thua Thien Hue province planted Acacia species | The first district in Thua Thien Hue province planted Acacia species |
Indicators | Unit | Nam Dong (n = 150) | Phu Loc (n = 150) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Sd | Mean | Sd | ||
Socio-economic characteristics | |||||
Household head’s age | Years | 50.4 | 14.2 | 60.3 | 11.8 |
Family size | No. | 5.1 | 1.2 | 4.3 | 1.7 |
Educational level | Schooling years | 5.6 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 3.8 |
Total land holding | ha | 3.3 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 6.0 |
Total income | USD/year | 4415.4 | 3553.6 | 5219.2 | 8791.2 |
Acacia hybrid timber plantation characteristics | |||||
Acacia hybrid plantation area | ha | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 5.5 |
Acacia hybrid income | USD/year | 1451.4 | 1751.1 | 2947.1 | 8201.7 |
Experience | Years | 12.7 | 7.6 | 16.3 | 7.3 |
Distance to Acacia hybrid plantation area | Minutes | 48.0 | 65.3 | 16.8 | 14.0 |
Distance to processing companies | km | 32.3 | 14.4 | 19.4 | 9.4 |
Acacia Hybrid Plantation Establishment Methods | Proportion of Respondents (%) | |
---|---|---|
Nam Dong (n = 150) | Phu Loc (n = 150) | |
Government allocation | 24.7 | 36.0 |
Reclaiming uncultivated land | 55.3 | 61.3 |
Converting other land uses | 20.3 | 11.3 |
Others | 25.7 | 18.2 |
Income Groups | Nam Dong (n = 150) | Phu Loc (n = 150) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (ha) | Sd | Mean (ha) | Sd | |
Lowest | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
Low-mid | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Middle | 2.5 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.9 |
Mid-upper | 5.0 | 3.8 | 9.7 | 8.1 |
Producers’ Experience (Years) | Proportion of Respondents (%) | |
---|---|---|
Nam Dong (n = 150) | Phu Loc (n = 150) | |
<5 | 12.7 | 7.3 |
5–10 | 39.3 | 20.7 |
11–15 | 17.3 | 22.7 |
>15 | 30.7 | 49.3 |
Income Source (USD) | Nam Dong (n = 150) | Phu Loc (n = 150) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Sd | Mean | Sd | |
Agricultural income | 450.5 | 523.0 | 632.3 | 553.3 |
Total forest income | 2157.8 | 2542.0 | 3085.4 | 8284.1 |
Acacia hybrid timber income | 1451.4 | 1751.1 | 2947.1 | 8201.7 |
Fishery income | 48.9 | 182.4 | 58.1 | 193.4 |
Livestock income | 331.9 | 314.9 | 432.7 | 436.3 |
Wage | 875.1 | 932.9 | 420.1 | 685.3 |
Other incomes | 551.1 | 1.328.5 | 590.6 | 1357.3 |
Total | 4415.4 | 3553.6 | 5219.2 | 8791.2 |
Significant Attributes | β | SE | t | Sig. | Model Summary | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nam Dong | (Intercept) | 160.710 | 78.334 | 2.052 | 0.042 * | n = 150; adjusted R-square = 0.960; F = 1476; p < 0.000 |
Acacia hybrid plantation area (ha) | 696.616 | 11.380 | 61.214 | 0.000 *** | ||
Distance to plantation area (minutes) | −1.524 | 0.426 | −3.582 | 0.000 *** | ||
Distance to processing company (km) | −10.538 | 2.014 | −5.233 | 0.000 *** | ||
Phu Loc | (Intercept) | −2906.974 | 1127.903 | −2.577 | 0.011 * | n = 150; adjusted R-squared = 0.489; F = 28.74; p < 0.000 |
Acacia hybrid plantation area (ha) | 1039.932 | 115.403 | 9.011 | 0.000 *** | ||
Other forest income (USD) | −7.593 | 2.304 | −3.296 | 0.001 ** | ||
Non-farm income (USD) | 1.560 | 0.437 | 3.568 | 0.000 *** | ||
Number of family labor involved (No.) | 960.307 | 366.617 | 2.619 | 0.010 ** |
Income Sources | Nam Dong | Phu Loc | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sk | Gk | Rk | GT | SG | MEFG | Sk | Gk | Rk | GT | SG | MEFG | |
Agriculture | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 0.1 | −0.01 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.1 |
Acacia hybrid timber | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
Other forest products | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.000 |
Fishery | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.003 | 0.01 | −0.002 | 0.01 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.004 | 0.01 | −0.003 |
Livestock | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.1 |
Wage | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.1 | −0.1 | 0.08 | 0.8 | −0.1 | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.1 |
Non-farm | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.1 | −0.002 |
Total income | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
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Tham, L.T.; Darr, D.; Pretzsch, J. Contribution of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization for Livelihood Development in Central Vietnam. Forests 2020, 11, 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121335
Tham LT, Darr D, Pretzsch J. Contribution of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization for Livelihood Development in Central Vietnam. Forests. 2020; 11(12):1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121335
Chicago/Turabian StyleTham, La Thi, Dietrich Darr, and Jürgen Pretzsch. 2020. "Contribution of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization for Livelihood Development in Central Vietnam" Forests 11, no. 12: 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121335
APA StyleTham, L. T., Darr, D., & Pretzsch, J. (2020). Contribution of Small-Scale Acacia Hybrid Timber Production and Commercialization for Livelihood Development in Central Vietnam. Forests, 11(12), 1335. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121335