Nopal Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) as a Holographic Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. The Nopal Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica)—Origins
2.2. Mucilage
2.3. Chlorophyll
2.4. Chemical Composition (Opuntia Ficus-Indica)
2.5. Photobiopolymer
3. Methods
3.1. Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) Dye Preparation
- (a)
- (b)
- The drainage of mucus (slime);
- (c)
- The rapid growth of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts).
- (1)
- Nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) is cut into small slices (1 cm × 1 cm about), while removing the prickly thorns, and is then placed in a container (Nopal weighing 250 g can produce an approximate quantity of 12 mL fermented extract).
- (2)
- The cactus is then stored in a plastic container that is sealed and cooled to 10 °C for 10 to 18 days, to obtain an optimal fermentation and get the clear brown solution. On the other hand, with a minimally processed cactus, after one or two days at room temperature (30 °C), it will already demonstrates signs of fermentation.
- (3)
- Deterioration of the cactus in the vessel was observed when the mucus became brown colored. This solution is then filtered by a vacuum filtration method.
- (4)
- After filtering, the extract has a shelf life of five to ten days (at room temperature). In that period, it is appropriate to prepare photosensitive plates. (After these days at room temperature, using the extract to a photosensitive film, the surface of the film shows its deterioration as cracks in the surface).
- (5)
- The solution may be stored under refrigeration (5 °C and 10 °C) for 30 or 60 days.
- (6)
- One of the conditions of this solution for use as a photosensitizer is pH. Due to the variation of pH as a function of storage time and temperature, we worked with a pH of less than seven (Conductronic model PH-10). Normally, fermentation substances tend to decompose and produce alcohols, which lead to an acidity in the substance with a pH less than seven.
Properties | States |
---|---|
Physical state | Liquid |
Appearance | Clear brown/dark Brown |
Solubility | Water, alcohol |
Stability condition | Color change with time |
pH | acidic (pH < 7) |
3.2. Photopolymer Layer Preparations
- (1)
- The entire mixture is obtained at room conditions in the laboratory, with the average temperature of 20 °C; and a relative humidity of about 40%.
- (2)
- Polyvinyl alcohol (Baker®) was prepared in a 12% solution with distilled water at a temperature of 85 °C.
- (3)
- PVA (Baker®) is mixed with nopal cactus extract in a proportion of 2.5 mL and 0.8 mL (32%). This proportion was found to be the optimum value during the experiments.
- (4)
- The PVA layers doped with nopal cactus extract were prepared by pouring a small amount of the solution onto a glass slide by gravity technique. After 24 hours of storage in complete darkness under normal laboratory conditions (room temperature 20 °C, relative humidity 40%) the samples are dried.
- (5)
- The dry film having 40 µm thickness, with a extract (nopal) concentration at (32% V/V), by pouring 0.5 mL of solution on a substrate area of 9 cm2. This was measured with a digital micrometer (Mitutoyo Corporation® Model IP65). The thickness of the photosensitive film may be modified by varying the amount of solution poured onto a certain area on the substrate surface.
3.3. Absorption UV-Visible Spectrum
3.4. UV-Visible Details Analysis
Peaks(nm) Q band | Abs(AU) | Localization of the Pheophytins |
---|---|---|
622.0 nm | 0.142 | Fe-pheophytin |
652.0 nm | 0.125 | Pheophytins |
660.0 nm | 0.121 | Chlorophyll |
3.5. IR Analysis
# | Vibrational bands (cm−1) | Probable Links |
---|---|---|
15 | 3448 | N-H Amine, O-H Alcohol |
14 | 2939 | O-H Carboxylic Acid, N-H Amine, C-H Alkane |
13 | 2374 | N-H Amine |
12 | 1911 | C=C=C Alkene, \C=C/ Benzene ring, C=O Anhydride |
11 | 1735 | C=O Carboxylic Acid, C=O Ester, C=O Carbonyl, \C=C/ Benzene ring |
10 | 1654 | C=C Alkene, C-C Alkane acyclic |
9 | 1637 | C=C Alkene, N-H Amine, C-C Alkane monosubstituted |
8 | 1618 | N-H Amine, C=O Amino Acid zwitterions |
7 | 1560 | C=O Amino Acid, N-H Amine, \C=C/ Benzene ring |
6 | 1419 | C-H Alkane, N-O Nitro aliphatic |
5 | 1263 | C-O Carboxylic Acid, C=O Ester, C-H Alkane methyl |
4 | 1099 | C-O Alcohol, C-F Alkaly Halide, C-N Amine |
3 | 921 | =C-H Alkene, Benzene ring meta-disubstituted |
2 | 854 | =C-H Alkene, Benzene ring para-disubstituted |
1 | 605 | C-Cl Alkyl Halide, C-Br Alkyl Halide |
3.6. Recording Process
3.7. Experimental Results
3.8. Energy and MTF
PVA (mL ± 0.05) | Cactus Extract (mL ± 0.05) | % V/V | Solution on 9 (cm2) | Thickness Physical (μm ± 0.5) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.5 | 2.5 | 100% | 0.5 mL | 45 |
2.5 | 1.5 | 60% | 0.5 mL | 43 |
2.5 | 0.8 | 32% | 0.5 mL | 40 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Olivares-Pérez, A.; Toxqui-López, S.; Padilla-Velasco, A.L. Nopal Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) as a Holographic Material. Materials 2012, 5, 2383-2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5112383
Olivares-Pérez A, Toxqui-López S, Padilla-Velasco AL. Nopal Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) as a Holographic Material. Materials. 2012; 5(11):2383-2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5112383
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlivares-Pérez, Arturo, Santa Toxqui-López, and Ana L. Padilla-Velasco. 2012. "Nopal Cactus (Opuntia Ficus-Indica) as a Holographic Material" Materials 5, no. 11: 2383-2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5112383