Materials

14 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis of Polymer—Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites

by Liangming Wei, Nantao Hu and Yafei Zhang

Materials 2010, 3(7), 4066-4079; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3074066 - 13 Jul 2010

Cited by 167 | Viewed by 19430

Polymer nanocomposites show unique properties combining the advantages of the inorganic nanofillers and the organic polymers. The mesoporous silica nanofillers have received much attention due to their ordered structure, high surface area and ease for functionalization of the nanopores. To accommodate macromolecules, the [...] Read more.

Polymer nanocomposites show unique properties combining the advantages of the inorganic nanofillers and the organic polymers. The mesoporous silica nanofillers have received much attention due to their ordered structure, high surface area and ease for functionalization of the nanopores. To accommodate macromolecules, the nanopores lead to unusually intimate interactions between the polymer and the inorganic phase, and some unusual properties can be observed, when compared with nonporous fillers. Whereas many review articles have been devoted to polymer/nonporous nanofiller nanocomposites, few review articles focus on polymer/mesoporous silica nanocomposites. This review summarizes the recent development in the methods for synthesizing polymer/mesoporous silica nanocomposites based on the papers published from 1998 to 2009, and some unique properties of these composites are also described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Particles)

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15 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Chitosan- MnFe₂O₄Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery

by Dong-Hyun Kim, David E. Nikles and Christopher S. Brazel

Materials 2010, 3(7), 4051-4065; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3074051 - 13 Jul 2010

Cited by 162 | Viewed by 17160

Abstract

Multifunctional nanoparticles composed of MnFe₂O₄ were encapsulated in chitosan for investigation of system to combine magnetically-triggered drug delivery and localized hyperthermia for cancer treatment with the previously published capacity of MnFe₂O₄ to be used as an efficient [...] Read more.

Multifunctional nanoparticles composed of MnFe₂O₄ were encapsulated in chitosan for investigation of system to combine magnetically-triggered drug delivery and localized hyperthermia for cancer treatment with the previously published capacity of MnFe₂O₄ to be used as an efficient MRI contrast agent for cancer diagnosis. This paper focuses on the synthesis and characterization of magnetic MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, their dispersion in water and their incorporation in chitosan, which serves as a drug carrier. The surface of the MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was modified with meso-2,3-di-mercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) to develop stable aqueous dispersions. The nanoparticles were coated with chitosan, and the magnetic properties, heat generation and hydrodynamic size of chitosan-coated MnFe₂O₄ were evaluated for various linker concentrations and in a range of pH conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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57 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessReview

Functional Coatings or Films for Hard-Tissue Applications

by Guocheng Wang and Hala Zreiqat

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3994-4050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073994 - 9 Jul 2010

Cited by 146 | Viewed by 16157

Abstract

Metallic biomaterials like stainless steel, Co-based alloy, Ti and its alloys are widely used as artificial hip joints, bone plates and dental implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and endurance. However, there are some surface-originated problems associated with the metallic implants: corrosion [...] Read more.

Metallic biomaterials like stainless steel, Co-based alloy, Ti and its alloys are widely used as artificial hip joints, bone plates and dental implants due to their excellent mechanical properties and endurance. However, there are some surface-originated problems associated with the metallic implants: corrosion and wear in biological environments resulting in ions release and formation of wear debris; poor implant fixation resulting from lack of osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity; implant-associated infections due to the bacterial adhesion and colonization at the implantation site. For overcoming these surface-originated problems, a variety of surface modification techniques have been used on metallic implants, including chemical treatments, physical methods and biological methods. This review surveys coatings that serve to provide properties of anti-corrosion and anti-wear, biocompatibility and bioactivity, and antibacterial activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Coatings)

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29 pages, 1409 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanoscale “Quantum” Islands on Metal Substrates: Microscopy Studies and Electronic Structure Analyses

by Yong Han, Bariş Ünal, Dapeng Jing, Patricia A. Thiel, James W. Evans and Da-Jiang Liu

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3965-3993; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073965 - 9 Jul 2010

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 12350

Abstract

Confinement of electrons can occur in metal islands or in continuous films grown heteroepitaxially upon a substrate of a different metal or on a metallic alloy. Associated quantum size effects (QSE) can produce a significant height-dependence of the surface free energy for nanoscale [...] Read more.

Confinement of electrons can occur in metal islands or in continuous films grown heteroepitaxially upon a substrate of a different metal or on a metallic alloy. Associated quantum size effects (QSE) can produce a significant height-dependence of the surface free energy for nanoscale thicknesses of up to 10–20 layers. This may suffice to induce height selection during film growth. Scanning STM analysis has revealed remarkable flat-topped or mesa-like island and film morphologies in various systems. We discuss in detail observations of QSE and associated film growth behavior for Pb/Cu(111), Ag/Fe(100), and Cu/fcc-Fe/Cu(100) [A/B or A/B/A], and for Ag/NiAl(110) with brief comments offered for Fe/Cu₃Au(001) [A/BC binary alloys]. We also describe these issues for Ag/5-fold i-Al-Pd-Mn and Bi/5-fold i-Al-Cu-Fe [A/BCD ternary icosohedral quasicrystals]. Electronic structure theory analysis, either at the level of simple free electron gas models or more sophisticated Density Functional Theory calculations, can provide insight into the QSE-mediated thermodynamic driving force underlying height selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SPM in Materials Science)

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17 pages, 3581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Imaging Analysis of Carbohydrate-Modified Surfaces Using ToF-SIMS and SPRi

by Kathryn M. Bolles, Fang Cheng, Jesse Burk-Rafel, Manish Dubey and Daniel M. Ratner

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3948-3964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073948 - 7 Jul 2010

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 13433

Abstract

Covalent modification of surfaces with carbohydrates (glycans) is a prerequisite for a variety of glycomics-based biomedical applications, including functional biomaterials, glycoarrays, and glycan-based biosensors. The chemistry of glycan immobilization plays an essential role in the bioavailability and function of the surface bound carbohydrate [...] Read more.

Covalent modification of surfaces with carbohydrates (glycans) is a prerequisite for a variety of glycomics-based biomedical applications, including functional biomaterials, glycoarrays, and glycan-based biosensors. The chemistry of glycan immobilization plays an essential role in the bioavailability and function of the surface bound carbohydrate moiety. However, the scarcity of analytical methods to characterize carbohydrate-modified surfaces complicates efforts to optimize glycan surface chemistries for specific applications. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a surface sensitive technique suited for probing molecular composition at the biomaterial interface. Expanding ToF-SIMS analysis to interrogate carbohydrate-modified materials would increase our understanding of glycan surface chemistries and advance novel tools in the nascent field of glycomics. In this study, a printed glycan microarray surface was fabricated and subsequently characterized by ToF-SIMS imaging analysis. A multivariate technique based on principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the ToF-SIMS dataset and reconstruct ToF-SIMS images of functionalized surfaces. These images reveal chemical species related to the immobilized glycan, underlying glycan-reactive chemistries, gold substrates, and outside contaminants. Printed glycoarray elements (spots) were also interrogated to resolve the spatial distribution and spot homogeneity of immobilized glycan. The bioavailability of the surface-bound glycan was validated using a specific carbohydrate-binding protein (lectin) as characterized by Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPRi). Our results demonstrate that ToF-SIMS is capable of characterizing chemical features of carbohydrate-modified surfaces and, when complemented with SPRi, can play an enabling role in optimizing glycan microarray fabrication and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Coatings)

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9 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combustion Synthesis of Porous TiC/Ti Composite by a Self-Propagating Mode

by Makoto Kobashi, Daishi Ichioka and Naoyuki Kanetake

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3939-3947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073939 - 6 Jul 2010

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 10321

Abstract

Porous titanium carbide (TiC) and TiC/Ti composites were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Titanium and carbon powders were blended by various Ti/C blending ratios. The heat of reaction between titanium and carbon was high enough to induce the self-sustaining reaction of TiC [...] Read more.

Porous titanium carbide (TiC) and TiC/Ti composites were synthesized by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Titanium and carbon powders were blended by various Ti/C blending ratios. The heat of reaction between titanium and carbon was high enough to induce the self-sustaining reaction of TiC formation on condition that some processing parameters (Ti/C ratio and porosity of the precursor) were appropriately selected. When the Ti/C blending ratio was high, the excess amount of titanium absorbed the heat of reaction. Consequently, the heated zone was not heated up to the ignition temperature. On the other hand, when the Ti/C ratio was low, high thermal conductivity of the precursor prevented an ignition of the heated side of precursors. The pore morphology was controlled by changing the Ti/C ratio and the preheat temperature. Full article

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28 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessReview

Characterization of Biomaterials by Soft X-Ray Spectromicroscopy

by Bonnie O. Leung, John L. Brash and Adam P. Hitchcock

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3911-3938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073911 - 6 Jul 2010

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 13279

Abstract

Synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques are emerging as useful tools to characterize potentially biocompatible materials and to probe protein interactions with model biomaterial surfaces. Simultaneous quantitative chemical analysis of the near surface region of the candidate biomaterial, and adsorbed proteins, peptides or other [...] Read more.

Synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques are emerging as useful tools to characterize potentially biocompatible materials and to probe protein interactions with model biomaterial surfaces. Simultaneous quantitative chemical analysis of the near surface region of the candidate biomaterial, and adsorbed proteins, peptides or other biological species can be obtained at high spatial resolution via scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM). Both techniques use near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectral contrast for chemical identification and quantitation. The capabilities of STXM and X-PEEM for the analysis of biomaterials are reviewed and illustrated by three recent studies: (1) characterization of hydrophobic surfaces, including adsorption of fibrinogen (Fg) or human serum albumin (HSA) to hydrophobic polymeric thin films, (2) studies of HSA adsorption to biodegradable or potentially biocompatible polymers, and (3) studies of biomaterials under fully hydrated conditions. Other recent applications of STXM and X-PEEM to biomaterials are also reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials)

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44 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Lutz-Christian Gerhardt and Aldo R. Boccaccini

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3867-3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073867 - 6 Jul 2010

Cited by 1022 | Viewed by 42304

Abstract

Traditionally, bioactive glasses have been used to fill and restore bone defects. More recently, this category of biomaterials has become an emerging research field for bone tissue engineering applications. Here, we review and discuss current knowledge on porous bone tissue engineering scaffolds on [...] Read more.

Traditionally, bioactive glasses have been used to fill and restore bone defects. More recently, this category of biomaterials has become an emerging research field for bone tissue engineering applications. Here, we review and discuss current knowledge on porous bone tissue engineering scaffolds on the basis of melt-derived bioactive silicate glass compositions and relevant composite structures. Starting with an excerpt on the history of bioactive glasses, as well as on fundamental requirements for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, a detailed overview on recent developments of bioactive glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds will be given, including a summary of common fabrication methods and a discussion on the microstructural-mechanical properties of scaffolds in relation to human bone (structure-property and structure-function relationship). In addition, ion release effects of bioactive glasses concerning osteogenic and angiogenic responses are addressed. Finally, areas of future research are highlighted in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Healthcare)

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22 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sintering of Fine Particles in Suspension Plasma Sprayed Coatings

by Leszek Latka, Sergey B. Goryachev, Stefan Kozerski and Lech Pawlowski

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3845-3866; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073845 - 1 Jul 2010

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 13242

Abstract

Suspension plasma spraying is a process that enables the production of finely grained nanometric or submicrometric coatings. The suspensions are formulated with the use of fine powder particles in water or alcohol with some additives. Subsequently, the suspension is injected into plasma jet [...] Read more.

Suspension plasma spraying is a process that enables the production of finely grained nanometric or submicrometric coatings. The suspensions are formulated with the use of fine powder particles in water or alcohol with some additives. Subsequently, the suspension is injected into plasma jet and the liquid additives evaporate. The remaining fine solids are molten and subsequently agglomerate or remain solid, depending on their trajectory in the plasma jet. The coating’s microstructure results from these two groups of particles arriving on a substrate or previously deposited coating. Previous experimental studies carried out for plasma sprayed titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite coatings enabled us to observe either a finely grained microstructure or, when a different suspension injection mode was used, to distinguish two zones in the microstructure. These two zones correspond to the dense zone formed from well molten particles, and the agglomerated zone formed from fine solid particles that arrive on the substrate in a solid state. The present paper focuses on the experimental and theoretical analysis of the formation process of the agglomerated zone. The experimental section establishes the heat flux supplied to the coating during deposition. In order to achieve this, calorimetric measurements were made by applying experimental conditions simulating the real coatings’ growth. The heat flux was measured to be in the range from 0.08 to 0.5 MW/m²,depending on the experimental conditions. The theoretical section analyzes the sintering during the coating’s growth, which concerns the fine particles arriving on the substrate in the solid state. The models of volume, grain boundary and surface diffusion were analyzed and adapted to the size and chemistry of the grains, temperature and time scales corresponding to the suspension plasma spraying conditions. The model of surface diffusion was found to best describe the sintering during suspension plasma spraying. The formation of necks having the relative size equal to 10% of particle diameter was found to be possible during the thermal cycles occurring at the coatings’ deposition. Transmission electron microscopic observations of the agglomerated zone hydroxyapatite coating confirm the sintering of some of the fine grains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Coatings)

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27 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review on Separation Methods and Techniques for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

by Naoki Komatsu and Feng Wang

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3818-3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073818 - 30 Jun 2010

Cited by 98 | Viewed by 15219

Abstract

Structural control of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is attracting enormous interest in view of their applications to nanoelectronics and nanooptics. Actually, more than 200 papers regarding separation of SWNTs have been published since 1998. In this review, they are classified into the following [...] Read more.

Structural control of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is attracting enormous interest in view of their applications to nanoelectronics and nanooptics. Actually, more than 200 papers regarding separation of SWNTs have been published since 1998. In this review, they are classified into the following five sections according to the separation methods; electrophoresis, centrifugation, chromatography, selective solubilization and selective reaction. In each method, all literature is summarized in tables showing the separated objects (metallic/semiconducting (M/S), length, diameter, (n, m) structure and/or handedness), the production process of the used SWNTs (CoMoCAT, HiPco, arc discharge and/or laser vaporization) and the employed chemicals, such as detergents and polymers. Changes in annual number of publications related to this subject are also discussed. Full article

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24 pages, 1637 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Supercritical Water

by Hiromichi Hayashi and Yukiya Hakuta

Materials 2010, 3(7), 3794-3817; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073794 - 25 Jun 2010

Cited by 430 | Viewed by 33069

Abstract

This paper summarizes specific features of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide particles. Supercritical water allows control of the crystal phase, morphology, and particle size since the solvent's properties, such as density of water, can be varied with temperature and pressure, both of [...] Read more.

This paper summarizes specific features of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide particles. Supercritical water allows control of the crystal phase, morphology, and particle size since the solvent's properties, such as density of water, can be varied with temperature and pressure, both of which can affect the supersaturation and nucleation. In this review, we describe the advantages of fine particle formation using supercritical water and describe which future tasks need to be solved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supercritical Fluids)

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Materials, Volume 3, Issue 7 (July 2010) – 11 articles , Pages 3794-4079

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