Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Functional Materials: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hydrothermal Method
2.1. Reaction Kinetics and the Crystal Growth Mechanism of the Hydrothermal Method
2.2. The Role of Water in the Hydrothermal Method
2.3. Role of Mineralizer
2.4. Basic Classification of Hydrothermal Reactions
3. Microwave Hydrothermal Method
3.1. Reaction Mechanism of Microwave Heating
3.2. Characteristics of the Microwave Hydrothermal Method
4. Application
4.1. Simple Oxides
4.2. Mixed Oxides—Perovskite
4.3. Bioceramics
4.4. Thin Films
4.5. Vanadates
4.6. Garnets
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mineralizer | ZrO2 (300 °C, 24 h, 100 Mpa) | |
---|---|---|
Tetragonal | Monoclinic | |
KF (8 wt.%) | No data | 16 nm |
NaOH (30 wt.%) | No data | 40 nm |
H2O | 15 nm | 17 nm |
LiCl (15 wt.%) | 15 nm | 19 nm |
KBr (15 wt.%) | 13 nm | 15 nm |
Hydrothermal Method | Microwave Hydrothermal Method | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morphology | Raw Materials | Conditions | Size | Ref. | Morphology | Raw Materials | Conditions | Size | Ref. | |
ZrO2 | Spherical | ZrOCl2·8H2O, NH4OH, NaOH | 150 °C, 24 h | 20–30 nm | [87] | Monoclinic | ZrOCl2·8H2O, NaOH | 200 °C, 2 h, 2.45 GHz | 10–20 nm | [88] |
Rod | ZrOCl2·8H2O, NH4OH, NaOH | 200 °C, 24 h 250 °C, 24 h | 50 nm × (200–400) nm 80 nm × (200–500) nm | [87] | Tetragonal-monoclinic | ZrOCl4, NaOH | 150–220 °C, 30 min | ~20 nm | [89] | |
Al2O3 | Hollow | Al(NO3)3·9H2O, glucose | 160 °C, 3–8 h | 5.4–6.9 μm | [64] | Hollow | KAl(SO4)2·12H2O, CO(NH2)2 | 180 °C, 40 min, 300 W | 0.8–1.2 μm | [90] |
Rod | Al(NO3)3·9H2O, N2H4⋅H2O | 200 °C, 12 h | 8 nm × (220–532) nm | [65] | Fiber | Surfactant Brij 56, H2SO4, Aluminum sec-butoxide | 80 °C, 30 min, 500 W | ~50 nm | [91] | |
MnO2 | Belt | Mn2O3, NaOH | 170 °C, 12 h | 5–15 nm | [92] | Flower Nanosheet Fiber | KMnO4, HCl | 100 °C, 25 min 140 °C, 25 min 180 °C, 25 min | 200–400 nm 10 nm 2–6 μm | [94] |
Urchin Urchin Nanowire | MnSO4, (NH4)2S2O8 | 80 °C, 4 h 110 °C, 4 h 140 °C, 4 h | 2–3 μm 30–40 μm ultrathin | [83] | Nanosphere | KMnO4, MnSO4·H2O | 75 °C, 30 min | 70–90 nm | [95] | |
TiO2 | Nanotube | TiO2, NaOH | 150 °C, 48 h | 8.1–27.3 nm | [96] | Nanowire | TiO2, NaOH | 210 °C, 2 h, 350 W | 80–150 nm | [96] |
Acicular | TiOCl2 | 195 °C, >8 h | 100 nm × 50 nm | [97] | Spherical | TiOCl2 | 195 °C, >30 min, 2.45 GHz | 10 nm | [97] |
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Yang, G.; Park, S.-J. Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Functional Materials: A Review. Materials 2019, 12, 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071177
Yang G, Park S-J. Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Functional Materials: A Review. Materials. 2019; 12(7):1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071177
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Guijun, and Soo-Jin Park. 2019. "Conventional and Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Functional Materials: A Review" Materials 12, no. 7: 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071177