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Article

Pentafluorophenyl Platinum(II) Complexes of PTA and Its N-Allyl and N-Benzyl Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity

by
Paolo Sgarbossa
1,*,
Urszula Śliwińska-Hill
2,
M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva
3,
Barbara Bażanów
4,
Aleksandra Pawlak
5,
Natalia Jackulak
4,
Dominik Poradowski
6,
Armando J. L. Pombeiro
3 and
Piotr Smoleński
7,*
1
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale and CIRCC, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211 A, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland
3
Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
4
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
5
Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
6
Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1/3, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
7
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233907
Submission received: 10 October 2019 / Revised: 19 November 2019 / Accepted: 22 November 2019 / Published: 26 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Complexes and Their Applications)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
From the well-known 1,3,5-triaza-phosphaadamantane (PTA, 1a), the novel N-allyl and N-benzyl tetrafuoroborate salts 1-allyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane (APTA(BF4), 1b) and 1-benzyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane (BzPTA(BF4), 1c) were obtained. These phosphines were then allowed to react with (Pt(μ-Cl)(C6F5)(tht))2 (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) affording the water soluble Pt(II) complexes trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(PTA)2) (2a) and its bis-cationic congeners trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(APTA)2)(BF4)2 (2b) and trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(BzPTA)2)(BF4)2 (2c). The compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR, ESI-MS, elemental analysis and (for 2a) also by single crystal X-ray diffraction, which proved the trans configuration of the phosphine ligands. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the cytotoxic activities of all complexes the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell culture were used. The antineoplastic activity of the investigated compounds was checked against the human lung carcinoma (A549), epithelioid cervix carcinoma (HeLa) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell cultures. Interactions between the complexes and human serum albumin (HSA) using fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) were also investigated.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The water-solubility of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), its diverse mode of coordination, ease of functionalization and modification have made this compound a ligand of choice in coordination chemistry [1,2,3], catalysis [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] and bioinorganic chemistry [13,14]. N-Functionalization is the simplest modification of PTA; it leaves the cage structure and the P-coordinating ability intact and affords a series of cationic species with tunable properties in terms of hydrophilicity and reactivity. For these reasons, this scope has been addressed in the last decade by synthesizing derivatives bearing alkyl (methyl [15,16,17], ethyl and propyl [18,19,20], butyl [21] or hexadecyl [22]), benzyl [23,24,25] or pyridyl [26] groups.
Since the development of new metallodrugs for cancer treatment based on tertiary phosphines/aminophosphines [27,28,29,30,31,32] the interest for these types of ligands has reemerged. Both PTA and its derivatives have been applied in the synthesis of biologically active Pt(II/IV) [33,34,35,36,37], Au(I) [38,39,40], Ru(II) [41,42,43,44,45,46,47], Ag(I) [48,49,50,51] and Cu(I) [52,53,54,55] metal complexes. Indeed, phosphines can provide beneficial properties such as better stability in biological media (thus reducing undesired side reactions) and moldable affinity for polar and apolar environments in the cell (modifying the compounds transport across the membrane and their accumulation). Moreover, the choice of cationic N-functionalized PTA ligands can in principle increase the interaction with the polyanionic DNA strands [56].
An approach to circumvent cross-resistance is to change the functionality on the metal center namely by decreasing the number of available coordination sites. Monofunctional complexes can be active [57,58,59,60] and have the advantage of having ancillary ligands, which, as such, modify sterically and electronically the behavior of the resulting complex.
Recently Moreno et al. have successfully used the pentafluorophenyl group as a stabilizing ancillary ligand toward platinum for biological applications [61,62]. The C6F5 ligand has higher trans-effect than amines in labilizing the Pt–Cl bond [63] and the ability to increase the Lewis acidity of platinum [64,65,66,67] while modifying the hydro/lipophilicity of the complex.
Spectroscopic studies involving transition metal complexes and blood proteins such as the human serum albumin (HSA) are essential for the understanding of the biological activity of the drugs in terms of nature and strength of the interactions [68,69]. Protein–drug interactions are responsible for the distribution of the drug in the body and affect the chemotherapy effectivity and toxicity [70]. The standard example, cisplatin reaches 50–61% human serum albumin fixation after intravenous administration [71,72]. This binding is considered to be practically irreversible because only less than 5% of the drug is released from the system [73].
Platinum(II) complexes with trans geometry have proved to be interesting candidates to replace the commonly used cisplatin in view of its known adverse effects (mainly its toxicity) and to overcome acquired resistance (due to DME, drug-metabolizing enzymes or genetic variation) [74,75,76,77]. Trans-bisphosphino Pt(II) complexes have shown antiproliferative activity, being able to generate reactive oxygen species, targeting both mitochondria and genomic DNA [78], but also showed affinity toward protein models comparable or higher than cisplatin [79].
In our attempt to contribute to the knowledge of phosphine trans-platinum compounds and their biological activity, we synthesized the PTA (1a) N-allyl and N-benzyl tetrafuoroborate derivatives 1-allyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane (APTA(BF4), 1b) and 1-benzyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane (BzPTA(BF4), 1c) and the water soluble Pt(II) hexafluorophenyl complexes trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(PTA)2) (2a), trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(APTA)2)(BF4)2 (2b) and trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(BzPTA)2)(BF4)2 (2c; Figure 1).
All the new compounds have been fully characterized and the Pt(II) complexes were evaluated with NHDF (normal human dermal fibroblasts), A549 (human lung carcinoma), HeLa (human epithelioid cervix carcinoma) and MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell cultures. NHDF cell line was used only as a control. Cancer cell lines were chosen based on cisplatin utilization in their standard treatment protocols. In addition, the interactions between the platinum complexes and HSA were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The association constants, acting forces and protein’s secondary structure changes are discussed based on the obtained results.

2. Experimental

2.1. General

1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 19F NMR spectra at 298 K were run on a Bruker AC200 spectrometer operating at 200.13, 50.323, 81.015 and 188.25 MHz, respectively; δ values (ppm) are reported relative to SiMe4, 85% H3PO4, and CFCl3 as reference. ESI-MS analyses were performed using LCQ-Duo (Thermo-Finnigan) operating in the positive ion mode. Instrumental parameters: capillary voltage 10 V, spray voltage 4.5 kV; capillary temperature 200 °C; mass scan ranged from 150 to 2000 m/z; N2 was used as sheath gas and the He pressure inside the trap was kept constant. The pressure directly read by an ion gauge (in the absence of the N2 stream) was 1.33 × 10−5 Torr. Sample solutions were prepared by dissolving the compounds in acetonitrile. Sample solutions were directly infused into the ESI source by a syringe pump at 8 μL/min flow rate. Elemental analyses were performed by the Microanalysis Laboratory of the Department of Chemical Sciences of the University of Padova.

2.2. Materials and Methods

All synthetic steps were carried out under dinitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenck techniques. Solvents were dried and purified according to standard methods [80].
(Pt(C6F5)(μ-Cl)(tht))2 [81,82], PTA [15] and BzPTA(Cl) [23] were synthesized following procedures reported in the literature.

2.3. Cell Cultures

NHDF (normal human dermal fibroblasts; PromoCell, C-12302), A549 (human lung carcinoma; ATCC, No CCL-185 TM), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma; ATCC, No CCL-2 TM) and MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma; ATCC, No HTB-22 TM) were used. NHDF, A549, HeLa and MCF7 cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland). Media were supplemented with 10% FBS (Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit-Haemek, Israel), 4 mM L-glutamine (Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit-Haemek, Israel), 100 U/mL of penicillin and 100 µg/mL of streptomycin (Sigma, Steinheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany).

2.4. Cell Viability Assays

All cell cultures were inserted in a 96-well plate (Eppendorf, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Germany) in a concentration of 105 cells per well.
Compounds 2a–c and ligands 1a–c were dissolved in distilled water and diluted to afford concentrations of 30, 3, 0.3 and 0.03 μg/mL in DMEM and incubated in standard conditions for 72 h, after which the MTT (Sigma, Steinheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) assay was carried out. 20 µL of MTT (5 mg/mL) was added to each well, incubation for 4 h at 37 °C was implemented, and then 80 µL of lysis buffer was added. The test consists in the enzymatic reduction of the tetrazolium salt MTT in metabolically active cells. The metabolite, purple-colored formazan is measured colorimetrically, using a multiwell plate reader. The optical density (OD) was measured using a spectrophotometric microplate reader (Multiscan Go, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) at 570 nm with reference wavelength of 630 nm. The viability of the investigated cell cultures was estimated using following formula: viability% = (average OD for test group/average OD for control group) × 100. The untreated cells were used as a control group.

2.5. Cytotoxic Assay-Quantitative Suspension Test According to EN 14476

NHDF, A549, HeLa and MCF7 cells at a density of 4 × 104 cells/mL were incubated in 96-well polystyrene plate (NUNC, Roskilde, Zealand, Denmark) for 24 h. Substances were tested using EN 14476 [83]. Product test solutions were prepared in 10% DMSO and DMEM supplemented with additional 10% FBS and L-glutamine. Solutions of the complexes 2a–c and pro-ligands at concentrations from 300 μg/mL to 3 × 10−9 μg/mL were prepared and transferred (100 μL) into cell culture units containing 100 μL of cells suspension. Eight units were inoculated with each dilution. Plates were incubated in 37 °C/5% CO2 and observed daily for up to 4 days for the development of cytotoxic effects, using an inverted microscope (Olympus Corp., Hamburg, Germany; Axio Observer, Carl Zeiss, MicroImaging GmbH, Baden-Württemberg, Germany).

2.6. Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient Determination

The log(P) values corresponding to the octanol–water partition coefficient was adjusted to the solubility properties of the compounds [84]. Complexes were dissolved in water previously saturated with octanol, to achieve concentrations of 10−3 M. At 24 °C, 25 mL of octanol saturated with water was introduced into a 100 mL flask equipped and then 25 mL of the aqueous complex solutions was added. The two-phase mixture thus obtained was stirred vigorously for 20 min. After separation of the phases and removal of the respective solvents under vacuum, the attained residues were weighed. Values for log(P) of −0.11, −0.71 and −0.40 for 2a, 2b and 2c, respectively, were obtained.

2.7. HSA Interaction

High purity free-HSA (>96%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) was used as purchased. The stock solutions of platinum complexes (200 μM) were freshly prepared in double distilled water prior to their use. The HSA solutions (200 μM) were prepared in PBS (pH 7.40). In the final step, the samples contained (protein):(drug) equal 1:0–1:9 in PBS, where CHSA was 10 μM. Measurements were done after 24 h incubation at 300, 305 and 310 K. HSA concentration was determined, using A279 (1 mg/mL) as 0.531 [85].

2.7.1. Fluorescence Measurements

Emission fluorescence spectra were recorded using Hitachi F-2700 spectrofluorimeter (Tokio, Japan) in 1.0 cm quartz cells in the 300–400 nm range. Trp-214 fluorescence of HSA was measured at 295 nm. The intensity at 335 nm (Trp-214) was used to achieve the quenching mechanism and calculate the binding constants and thermodynamic parameters according to literature reports.

2.7.2. CD Measurement

Circular dichroism spectra were recorded on a Jasco J-715 spectropolarimeter, over the range of 190–250 nm in 0.1 cm cuvettes. The α-helical content of HSA was calculated from the molar ellipticity (θ) at 208–210 nm using Equations (1) and (2) [86]:
M R E 209 = O b s e r v e d C D   ( m d e g ) C p · n · l · 10 ,
α − h e l i x   ( % ) = M R E 209 − 4000 33000 − 4000 × 100 ,
where MRE is the mean residue ellipticity, Cp is the molar concentration of the protein, n is the number of amino acid residues (583) and l is the path-length (0.1 cm).

2.8. Synthesis and Analytical Data

APTA(BF4) 1b. Of PTA (6.36 mmol) 1.00 g was dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous acetone at room temperature and treated under stirring with 0.59 mL of allyl iodide (1.08 g, 6.45 mmol). After 1 h reflux, the volume of the solution was taken to ca. 10 mL and added with 15 mL of diethyl ether to give a white precipitate. The solid was filtered, dried under vacuum and dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous methanol. After adding 1.88 g of TlBF4 (6.45 mmol), the clear solution was left stirring at room temperature for 30 min. The precipitate of TlI was filtered off and the solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The product was obtained by precipitation with diethyl ether, subsequently washed three times with 5 mL of Et2O, recrystallized from methanol, and dried under vacuum. Yield 1.51 g, 83.3%. Anal. Calc. for C9H17BF4N3P: C, 37.92; H, 6.01; N, 14.74%; Found: C, 37.77; H, 5.98; N, 14.68%. 1H NMR (δ, D2O): 5.99–5.78 (m, 1H, CHCH2N+); 5.68–5.54 (m, 2H, CH2CH); 4.80 (dd,1JHH = 12 Hz, 4H, N+CH2N); 4.41 (dd, 1JHH = 14 Hz, 2H, NCH2N); 4.20 (d, 2JPH = 14 Hz, 2H, N+CH2P); 3.87–3.66 (m, 4H, NCH2P); 3.47 (d, 1JHH = 8 Hz, 2H, CHCH2N+); 13C{1H} NMR (δ, D2O): 130.5 (CHCH2N+); 122.5 (CH2CH); 79.1 (N+CH2N); 70.0 (NCH2N); 65.7 (CHCH2N+); 53.7 (d, 1JPC = 33 Hz, N+CH2P); 46.2 (d, 1JPC = 21 Hz, NCH2P); 31P{1H} NMR (δ, D2O): −82.8 (s); 19F{1H} NMR (δ, D2O): −150.4 (BF4). ESI-MS (CH3OH): m/z 198.05 (100%) [M − BF4]+.
BzPTA(BF4) 1c. Of BzPTA(Cl) (0.70 mmol) 0.20 g was dissolved in 50 mL of anhydrous methanol at room temperature and added with 0.20 g (0.70 mmol) of TlBF4. After stirring for 1 h the precipitate of TlCl was filtered off and the solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator. The solid product obtained by precipitation with diethyl ether was washed three times with 5 mL of Et2O, recrystallized from methanol, and dried under vacuum. Yield 0.24 g, 96.0%. Anal. Calc. for C13H19BF4N3P: C, 46.60; H, 5.72; N, 12.54%; Found: C, 46.87; H, 5.68; N, 12.18%. 1H NMR (δ, D2O): 7.50–7.40 (m, 5H, Ar); 4.79 (dd, 1JHH = 14 Hz, 4H, N+CH2N); 4.33 (dd, 2H, 1JHH = 14 Hz, NCH2N); 4.16 (d, 2JPH = 6 Hz, 2H, N+CH2P); 4.07 (s, 2H, PhCH2N+); 3.92–3.59 (m, 4H, NCH2P); 13C{1H} NMR (δ, D2O): 132.9, 130.9, 129.3, 124.5 (Ph); 78.7 (N+CH2N); 69.4 (NCH2N); 66.8 (PhCH2N+); 52.8 (d, 1JPC = 33 Hz, N+CH2P); 45.6 (d, 1JPC = 21 Hz, NCH2P); 31P{1H} NMR (δ, D2O): −82.85 (s); 19F{1H} NMR (δ, D2O): −150.4 (BF4). ESI-MS (CH3OH): m/z 248.06 (100%) [M − BF4]+.
(PtCl(C6F5)(PTA)2) 2a. Of (Pt(μ-Cl)(C6F5)(tht))2 (0.21 mmol) 0.20 g were dissolved in 30 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane at room temperature and treated with 0.13 g of PTA (0.83 mmol). After stirring for 1 h, the solution was concentrated on rotary evaporator and treated with diethyl ether. The solid precipitated as a white powder was filtered on a Gooch funnel, washed three times with 5 mL of Et2O, and dried under vacuum. 2a is soluble in DMSO and dichloromethane, sparingly soluble in H2O (S25 °C ≈ 0.35 mg mL−1), MeOH and EtOH and insoluble in diethyl ether, C6H6 and alkanes. Yield 0.28 g, 99%. Anal. Calc. for C18H24ClF5N6P2Pt: C, 30.37; H, 3.40; N, 11.81%; Found: C, 30.58; H, 5.48; N, 11.61%. 1H NMR (δ, CD2Cl2): 4.47 (m, 12H, PCH2N); 4.09 (s, 12H, NCH2N); 13C{1H} NMR (δ, CD2Cl2): 73.1 (s, NCH2N); 49.7 (m, NCH2P); 31P{1H} NMR (δ, CD2Cl2): −61.8 (s, 1JPt-P = 2453 Hz). 19F{1H} NMR (δ, CD2Cl2): −118.3 (m, o-F, 3JPt-F = 435 Hz, 3JF-F = 14.1 Hz), −160.5 (m, p-F, 3JF-F = 14.1 Hz), −162.3 (m, m-F). ESI-MS (CH3OH): m/z 713.08 (100%) [M + H]+. Crystals suitable for X-Ray analysis were obtained by slow growth through diffusion of Et2O in a solution of 2a in CH2Cl2.
(PtCl(C6F5)(APTA)2)(BF4)2 2b. Through a synthetic procedure similar to the one described for complex 2a, complex 2b was obtained from 0.05 g of (Pt(μ-Cl)(C6F5)(tht))2 (0.05 mmol) dissolved in 10 mL of methanol and treated with 0.06 g of APTA(BF4) (0.21 mmol). 2b is soluble in DMSO, dichloromethane and H2O (S25°C ≈ 4.0 mg mL−1), sparingly soluble in MeOH and EtOH and insoluble in diethyl ether, C6H6 and alkanes. Yield 0.078 g, 79%. Anal. Calc. for C24H34B2ClF13N6P2Pt: C, 29.79; H, 3.54; N, 8.69%; Found: C, 30.03; H, 3.68; N, 8.21%. 1H NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): 6.04–5.87 (m, 2H, CHCH2N+); 5.71–5.54 (m, 4H, CH2CH); 4.99 (dd, 8H, N+CH2N); 4.43 (dd, 4H, NCH2N); 4.36 (s, 4H, N+CH2P); 4.02 (dd, 8H, NCH2P); 3.68 (d, 3JHH = 6 Hz, 4H, CHCH2N+); 13C{1H} NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): 128.9 (CHCH2N+); 124.2 (CH2CH); 78.8 (N+CH2N); 68.7 (NCH2N); 63.8 (CHCH2N+); 49.75 (m, N+CH2P); 45.3 (m, NCH2P); 31P{1H} NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): −41.42 (s, 1JPt-P = 2628 Hz). 19F{1H} NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): −117.2 (m, o-F, 3JPt-F = 395 Hz, 3JF-F = 22.6), −148.1 (BF4), −159.5 (t, p-F, 3JF-F = 22.6 Hz), −161.1 (m, m-F). ESI-MS (CH3OH): m/z 880.05 (100%) [M − BF4]+.
(PtCl(C6F5)(BzPTA)2)(BF4)2 2c. Through a synthetic procedure similar to the one described for complex 2a, complex 2c was obtained from 0.05 g of (Pt(μ-Cl)(C6F5)(tht))2 (0.05 mmol) in 10 mL of methanol and 0.07 g of BzPTA(BF4) (0.21 mmol). 2c is soluble in DMSO, dichloromethane and H2O (S25°C ≈ 3.0 mg mL−1), sparingly soluble in MeOH and EtOH and insoluble in diethyl ether, C6H6 and alkanes. Yield 0.085 g, 77%. Anal. Calc. for C32H38B2ClF13N6P2Pt: C, 36.00; H, 3.59; N, 7.87%; Found: C, 36.12; H, 3.51; N, 7.80%. 1H NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): 7.60–7.36 (m, 10H, Ar); 5.03 (dd, 8H, N+CH2N); 4.44 (dd, 4H, NCH2N); 4.22 (s, 4H, PhCH2N+); 4.15 (s, 4H, N+CH2P); 4.03 (m, 8H, NCH2P); 13C{1H} NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): 133.3, 131.0, 129.5, 125.7 (Ph); 79.0 (N+CH2N); 68.9 (NCH2N); 64.7 (PhCH2N+); 49.1 (m, N+CH2P); 45.3 (m, NCH2P); 31P{1H} NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): −40.8 (s, 1JPt-P = 2627 Hz). 19F{1H} NMR (δ, DMSO-d6): −117.3 (m, o-F, 3JPt-F = 393 Hz, 3JF-F = 22.6), −148.2 (BF4), −159.5 (t, p-F, 3JF-F = 22.6 Hz), −161.1 (m, m-F). ESI-MS (CH3OH): m/z 980.10 (100%) [M − BF4]+.

2.9. X-ray Crystallography

An X-ray quality crystal of 2a was immersed in cryo-oil, mounted in a Nylon loop and measured at 153 K. Intensity data was collected using a Bruker AXS-KAPPA APEX II diffractometer with graphite monochromatic Mo-Kα (λ = 0.71073) radiation. Data were collected using phi and omega scans of 0.5° per frame and a full sphere of data were obtained. Cell parameters were retrieved using Bruker SMART software and refined using Bruker SAINT [87] on all the observed reflections. Absorption corrections were applied using SADABS [88]. Structures were solved by direct methods by using SIR97 [89] and refined with SHELXL-2014/7 [90]. Calculations were performed using the WinGX System (Version 2014.1) [91]. The hydrogen atoms attached to the methylene carbons were inserted in calculated positions, their Uiso (H) defined as 1.2 Ueq of the parent carbon atoms. Least square refinements with anisotropic thermal motion parameters for all the non-hydrogen atoms and isotropic for most of the remaining atoms were employed. The molecular structure of 2a in represented in Figure 1, crystallographic details are listed in Table 1 and selected bond distances and angles in the legend of Figure 1. CCDC 1572427 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
Crystal data for 2a: C18H24ClF5N6P2Pt, M = 711.91, T = 153(2) K, monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 19.9537(17) Å, b = 12.2786(9) Å, c = 10.2981(9) Å, β = 115.314(5)°, V = 2280.8(3) Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 2.073 g/cm3, μ = 6.471 mm−1, 10377 reflections collected, 1928 unique, I > 2σ(I) (Rint = 0.0383), R1 = 0.0183, wR2 = 0.0427, GOF 1.043. CCDC 1572427.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis and Characterization

1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA, 1a) was allowed to react with allyl iodide and benzyl chloride [8a] in acetone under reflux to give the iodide salt of 1-allyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane (APTA(I)) and benzyl derivative 1-benzyl-1-azonia-3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane (BzPTA(Cl)) in high yields, respectively. The exchange of the halide counterions by tetrafluoroborate on both the latter derivatives afforded the pro-ligands APTA(BF4) (1b) and BzPTA(BF4) (1c) as white and air-stable solids (Scheme 1). The presence of the BF4 anion proved to increase the stability to the N-alkylated PTAs and its non-coordinating property was fundamental for the preparation of the platinum(II) complexes.
1H NMR spectra of 1b and 1c (see the Experimental Section) show the typical signals of N-monosubstituted PTA: (i) two AB resonances around 4.8 and 4.4–4.3 ppm for the protons in the lower rim revealing their diastereotopic nature; (ii) a doublet at 4.2 ppm and a ABX-type multiplet at 3.5–3.9 ppm for the protons in the upper rim, enlightening the coupling to phosphorus and (iii) the expected signals for the allyl and benzyl group [4c]. The 13C{1H} NMR spectra are characterized by the expected six singlets of the unsymmetrical alkylated PTA cage in the range 45–70 ppm and, in both cases, the singlet due to the methylene group at around 79 ppm. The signals of the sp2 C in the allyl group (2 peaks) of 1b and the benzylic phenyl ring (5 peaks) of 1c are in the range 122–133 ppm. The signal for the substituted phenyl C has not been detected.
The 31P{1H} NMR spectra show a single peak at about −83 ppm for both derivatives, which is upfield from the resonance reported for PTA (−98.5 ppm) [92] and very similar to those reported for other N-substituted PTA compounds [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26].
The platinum pentafluorophenyl complexes trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(PTA)2) (2a) and the bis-cationic trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(APTA)2)(BF4)2 (2b) and trans-(PtCl(C6F5)(BzPTA)2)(BF4)2 (2c) have been obtained as white powders with yields in the range 77–99% by reaction of 4 equivalents of 1a, 1b or 1c with the binuclear complex trans-(Pt(μ-Cl)(C6F5)(tht))2 (tht = tetrahydrothiophene; Scheme 2).
Complex 2a is sparingly soluble in water but well soluble in DMSO and other polar solvents and in medium polarity solvents such as dichloromethane. Compounds 2b–c show a similar behavior but with higher solubility in water due to their cationic nature.
The novel compounds 2a–c were characterized by elemental analysis, as well as by 1H (Figures S1–S5), 31P{1H}, 13C{1H} and 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopies (see the Experimental Section). The 1H NMR spectra confirm the presence of the phosphines: their resonances are shifted downfield by the electron withdrawing influence of the metal center, and the 2JPH coupling constants present lower values. The 31P{1H} NMR spectra show a singlet, as expected for equivalent nuclei in a trans geometry. The presence of the phosphine in the Pt(II) complexes is confirmed by the downfield shift, Δδ, of the 31P resonance upon coordination: 36.7 (2a), 41.4 (2b) and 42.1 ppm (2c). The P-Pt coupling constants are of 2450 Hz for 2a and ca. 2628 Hz for 2b and 2c. In complex 2a’s 13C{1H} NMR spectrum, the signals for the upper rim (49.67 ppm) and for the lower rim (73.11 ppm) carbons can be seen, while those of complexes 2b–c show the typical structure for alkylated PTA cages with peaks in the range 45–69 ppm. In both cases the singlet of the methylene group is around 79 ppm, as for the pro-ligands (see above). Similarly, the signals of the olefinic carbons (2 peaks) in the APTA+ moiety of 2b and the benzylic phenyl ring (5 peaks) of BzPTA+ in 2c are in the range 124–135 ppm. No resonances for the pentafluorophenyl carbons have been detected. However, the presence of this group was confirmed by the 19F{1H} NMR spectra where the 3JPt-F coupling of the o-F nuclei with the 195Pt metal center assume values in the range 440–390 Hz. The ESI-MS spectra of the pro-ligands and the complexes were performed in methanol and confirm the expected formulations.
X-ray quality crystals of complex 2a (Figure 2) have been obtained by slow diffusion of diethyl ether on a dichloromethane solution of the compound in air and at room temperature. It crystalized in the monoclinic space group C2/c, its asymmetric unit including a PTA phosphine ligand and half of the fluorinated moiety. Resulting from the two-fold axis that runs across the molecule, a mononuclear compound is thus constructed from a Pt(II) cation, which is bound to a chloride anion, P-bound to two PTA phosphines and C-bound to one pentafluorobenzene anion, therefore giving rise to a square planar geometry (τ4 = 0.03) [93]. The pentafluorophenyl ring lies perpendicular to the plan constructed by the Pt-, P- and Cl-atoms (89.8°). The bond lengths involving the metal and the donor atoms (see Figure 1, legend), are within those found in other Pt(II) compounds [94,95,96,97,98,99]. No classical H-bond interactions could be found in 2a, but the shortest C–H⋅⋅⋅N interactions (Figure 1) expand the structure to the third dimension.

3.2. Biologic Assays

Cancer cell lines used in this study belong to one type of neoplasms, derived from epithelial. Those carcinomas hardly respond for treatment and have high potential for metastasis. The fibroblast cell line reflects a normal cell of body. Cytotoxic Assay-Quantitative Suspension Test According to EN 14476 was done as a preliminary investigation. The results were similar to those obtained in MTT test. Considering that MTT method is more detailed, analysis and discussion were carried out on the basis of these results. The IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values, after 72 h of incubation with the tested compounds, are shown in Table 2.
From Table 2, we can see that all three complexes show cytotoxicity against the fibroblasts cell line (NHDF). Compound 2a and 2b shows higher cytotoxicity to A549 and lower to HeLa and MCF7 cell lines, while compound 2c proved more active against HeLa cell lines. All three complexes show cytotoxicity against fibroblasts cell line (NHDF), but lower when compared to A549 or HeLa cell lines. The lower cytotoxicity effect of cisplatin on A549 cell line can be caused by different growing conditions, medium supplementation and exposition time. Cisplatin displayed, in contrast to tested compounds, weaker activity against the chosen neoplastic cell lines (especially A549); comparable doses of cisplatin are toxic for both normal and neoplastic (HeLa) cell lines. It is also worth mentioning that the solubility and stability of compounds 2a–c in aqua-media were higher than those of cisplatin. Hydrolytic stability tests of 2a–c, performed at 2.0 mM concentration in NaCl solution (5 or 100 mM in D2O-d6/DMSO 10/1) by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, shows no free phosphine after 72 h at room temperature and only partial hydrolysis of the Pt–Cl bond. The bioactivities of 2a–c coincided with values of their logarithm of 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log(P), see Experimental). This method is one of the most widely used ones to describe hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of chemicals. For the accurate biological activity and bioavailability of potential drugs, a balanced solubility in both water and nonpolar compounds such as lipids is required [54]. Indeed, the different activity of the platinum complexes 2a–c could be related to their more balanced log(P) values, in contrast to cisplatin with strongly negative log(P) factor (−2.21) [101]. The lower cytotoxicity of the new compounds for normal cells in comparison to cancer cells was their undoubted advantage. Even if their cytotoxicity for cancer cells was not radically lower than cisplatin, they could be a reasonable alternative, especially useful in cisplatin resistant therapies. Their good solubility in aqueous solutions is also important, which will allow us to “relieve” therapy with toxic solvents. Further research is thus needed to proof usefulness of the tested compounds in tumor therapy.

3.3. HSA Interactions

The effect of compounds 2b and 2c on the fluorescence intensity of HSA (max 335 nm) is shown in Figure 3. It decreased with increasing amounts of the complexes, indicating that some interactions between the two components were taking place. The variation in intensity results from a quenching effect of the metal compounds. In addition, a maximum blue shift of ca. 3 (with 2b) and 5 (with 2c) nm was observed, indicating that Trp-214 was placed in a more hydrophobic environment and was less exposed to the solvent. It also suggests that the interaction might occur via the hydrophobic region of the protein [102,103].
The Stern−Volmer plots of HSA in the presence of the platinum compounds as quenchers, at different conditions, are shown in Figure S6 (Equations S1–S2). The calculated Stern-Volmer constants (KSV) and quenching rate constants (Kq) for the interactions between HSA and complexes 2b and 2c are listed in Table 3. The obtained results showed that Ksv increased with the increase in temperature, thus indicating that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of HSA by the Pt compounds was a dynamic one. The maximum expected value of Kq for dynamic processes is 2 × 1010 M–1·s–1 [103,104], but the higher value obtained in our study, ca. 1012 M–1·s–1, shows that specific drug–protein interactions were involved, making Kq larger [105]. It suggests that the fluorescence quenching processes of the HSA-Pt complex systems were initiated by a combined process of dynamic and static quenching.
Fluorescence quenching data were also analyzed to obtain various binding parameters for the interaction of the platinum complexes with HSA, as shown in Figure S7. The association constants (KA) for complexes 2b and 2c and the number of binding site (n) were calculated using Equation S3 and are listed in Table 3. The results show that the association constants KA increased with the temperature, indicating the formation of stable adducts and endothermic processes; in addition, the values of n approximated to 1 suggest only one reactive site for both complexes in the protein. The interactions of HSA with 2b and 2c were relatively stronger than that with cisplatin; under the same conditions the binding constant Ka for cisplatin-HSA complex was of 8.52 × 102 M−1 [106]. Nevertheless, they were comparable to those obtained with ruthenium compounds and other platinum complexes (104–105 M−1) [72,107,108,109,110].
Intermolecular interactions between a drug and a protein may involve van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interactions [111]. To clarify the type of reaction between our complexes and HSA the thermodynamic parameters were calculated using the van’t Hoff plots and Equations S4 and S5. Table 4 shows the values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 obtained from such relationships as well as the corresponding values for Gibbs free energy change (ΔG0). The positive ΔH0 and ΔS0 for complexes 2b and 2c suggest that hydrophobic and ionic interactions might be involved. The negative values of ∆G0 indicate that the interactions were spontaneous. The aromatic ring present in both complexes 2b and 2c enabled hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions with amino acid residues in HSA such as Trp, Tyr and His; electrostatic interactions were also reasonable. It is known that cisplatin interacts with HSA generating irreversible covalent bonds but our compounds form reversible adducts via noncovalent interactions.
Circular dichroism (CD) experiments were carried out to verify the binding of Pt(II) complexes to HSA and their effect on the protein secondary structure. The observed negative bands at wavelength of 208–209 and 222–223 nm (Figure S8) were characteristic of an α-helical structure of proteins. The binding of 2b and 2c to HSA reduced both bands. The θ values of the protein decreased with the increase in concentration of the platinum complexes with shifts in the bands positions indicating some loss of α-helical secondary structure. According to Equation (2) (see Experimental), the content of α-helix decreased from 50.88% to 46.29% and to 47.17% at an HSA/complex molar ratio of 1/10 for 2b and 2c, respectively. These changes indicate an interaction between our compounds and amino acid residues of the protein, which partially destroy existing hydrogen bonds. Nevertheless, the absence of changes in the shape of the spectra suggests the protein’s secondary structure is still dominated by α-helix forms.

4. Conclusions

The new Pt(II) pentafluorophenyl complex (PtCl(C6F5)(PTA)2) (2a) and its bis-cationic congeners with allyl-PTA(BF4) (2b) and benzyl-PTA(BF4) (2c) derivatives were synthesized and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR, ESI mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. All the complexes had a trans configuration of the aminophosphine ligands as confirmed by the PTA derivative X-ray structure obtained for the PTA derivative. Their biological activity was tested against NHDF, A549, HeLa and MCF7. The results have shown that 2a and 2b compounds had strong cytotoxicity against A549 and 2c against HeLa cell lines. All three complexes showed lower cytotoxicity against fibroblasts cell line (NHDF). Cisplatin displayed the weakest cytotoxic activity against the chosen neoplastic cell lines (especially A549) in comparison to tested compounds. In addition, our compounds provided the great advantage of water solubility making this a positive feature against the frequently used DMSO. Complexes 2b and 2c interacted with human serum albumin causing a conformational change with the loss of helical stability of the protein. The binding affinity to HSA of the benzyl derivative 2c was higher than that of the allyl 2a. Concerning the thermodynamic parameters, the positive values of ∆H0 and ∆S0 and negative ∆G0 for both complexes suggest that hydrophobic and ionic interactions participated in the interaction with HSA and the interaction of complexes with the protein was a spontaneous process. Further studies are necessary to assess the mechanism of action, to address the future synthetic efforts toward more active species.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/23/3907/s1, Figures S1–S5: 1H NMR spectra of ligand 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b and 2c, Figure S6: Stern-Volmer plots for quenching of HSA fluorescence by 2b and 2c at different concentrations and temperatures, Figure S7: Plots of log(F0 − F)/F versus log(1/([Q] − (F0 − F)[Pt]/F0)) at different temperatures for HSA in the presence of complexes 2b and 2c, Figure S8: Circular dichroism spectra of HSA in the absence and presence of platinum complexes 2b and 2c, Equations S1–S5.

Author Contributions

Investigation, P.S. (Paolo Sgarbossa); Conceptualization and Formal analysis, P.S. (Paolo Sgarbossa) and P.S. (Piotr Smoleński); X-ray analysis, M.F.C.G.d.S.; Biological analysis, U.Ś.-H., B.B., A.P., N.J., D.P.; Writing—original draft, P.S. (Paolo Sgarbossa) and P.S. (Piotr Smoleński); Writing—review and editing, M.F.C.G.d.S., A.J.L.P., P.S. (Paolo Sgarbossa) and P.S. (Piotr Smoleński); Supervision, M.F.C.G.d.S., P.S. (Paolo Sgarbossa) and P.S. (Piotr Smoleński).

Funding

This research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), project UID/QUI/00100/2019, Portugal, the NCN program (project 2012/07/B/ST/00885), Poland, and the AQUACHEM Network (HRTM project CMTN-CT-2003-503864). The coauthor is grateful to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education for support of this work (Grant No. Pbmn-48, Poland).

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Tomasz Gębarowski (Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wrocław Medical University, Poland) for providing cell lines.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Materials 12 03907 g001 550
Figure 1. New PTA-based pentafluorophenyl Pt(II) complexes 2a–c.
Figure 1. New PTA-based pentafluorophenyl Pt(II) complexes 2a–c.
Materials 12 03907 g001
Materials 12 03907 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of allyl (1b) and benzyl (1c) PTA derivatives.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of allyl (1b) and benzyl (1c) PTA derivatives.
Materials 12 03907 sch001
Materials 12 03907 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of the pentafluorophenyl Pt(II) complexes 2a–c.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of the pentafluorophenyl Pt(II) complexes 2a–c.
Materials 12 03907 sch002
Materials 12 03907 g002 550
Figure 2. Molecular structure of complex 2a with a partial atom labeling scheme. Ellipsoids are drawn at 30% probability level. Selected distances (Å) and angles (°): Pt–P1 2.2788(8), Pt–Cl1 2.3688(12), Pt–C7 2.016(4); P1–Pt1–P1i 175.15(4), P1–Pt1–Cl1 92.43(2), C7–Pt1–Cl1 180.0 and C7–Pt1–P1 87.57(2). Relevant non-classical hydrogen bond interactions C–H⋅⋅⋅N (represented in dashed light blue color; d(C⋅⋅⋅N) in Å, ∠(C–H⋅⋅⋅N) in °): C3–H3A⋅⋅⋅N3 3.465(4), 144 and C3–H3B⋅⋅⋅N1 3.440(4), 172. Symmetry codes to generate equivalent atoms: (i) 1 − x, y, 1.5 − z; (ii) x, −y, ½ + z; (iii) 1.5 − x, ½ − y, 2 − z; (iv) −1/2 + x, ½ − y, −1/2 + z and (v) 1 − x, −y, 1 − z.
Figure 2. Molecular structure of complex 2a with a partial atom labeling scheme. Ellipsoids are drawn at 30% probability level. Selected distances (Å) and angles (°): Pt–P1 2.2788(8), Pt–Cl1 2.3688(12), Pt–C7 2.016(4); P1–Pt1–P1i 175.15(4), P1–Pt1–Cl1 92.43(2), C7–Pt1–Cl1 180.0 and C7–Pt1–P1 87.57(2). Relevant non-classical hydrogen bond interactions C–H⋅⋅⋅N (represented in dashed light blue color; d(C⋅⋅⋅N) in Å, ∠(C–H⋅⋅⋅N) in °): C3–H3A⋅⋅⋅N3 3.465(4), 144 and C3–H3B⋅⋅⋅N1 3.440(4), 172. Symmetry codes to generate equivalent atoms: (i) 1 − x, y, 1.5 − z; (ii) x, −y, ½ + z; (iii) 1.5 − x, ½ − y, 2 − z; (iv) −1/2 + x, ½ − y, −1/2 + z and (v) 1 − x, −y, 1 − z.
Materials 12 03907 g002
Materials 12 03907 g003 550
Figure 3. Fluorescence emission spectra of HSA-2b (left) and -2c (right) systems. Experimental conditions: (1) HSA (10 μM) and (2)–(10) HSA 10 μM with Pt complex at 5, 10, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 μM; pH = 7.40, 0.05 M phosphate buffer, incubation at 37 oC during 24 h, λex = 295 nm.
Figure 3. Fluorescence emission spectra of HSA-2b (left) and -2c (right) systems. Experimental conditions: (1) HSA (10 μM) and (2)–(10) HSA 10 μM with Pt complex at 5, 10, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 μM; pH = 7.40, 0.05 M phosphate buffer, incubation at 37 oC during 24 h, λex = 295 nm.
Materials 12 03907 g003
Table
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement details for 2a.
Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement details for 2a.
Formula Unit C18H24ClF5N6P2Pt
Formula weight711.91
Crystal systemMonoclinic
Space groupC2/c
a (Å)19.9537(17)
b (Å)12.2786(9)
c (Å)10.2981(9)
β (°)115.314(5)
Z4
Volume (Å3)2280.8(3)
T (K)153(2)
Dc (g cm−3) 2.073
μ (mm−1)6.471
θmax, θmin (°)25.349, 2.589
Rfls. total, unique, observed 10377, 2082, 1928
Rint0.0383
R1 *,wR2 # (I > 2σ(I))0.0183, 0.0427
R1, wR2 (all data)0.0214, 0.0440
GOF1.043
* R1 = Σ||Fo| – |Fc||/Σ|Fo|. # wR2 = [Σ[w(Fo2 − Fc2)2]/ Σ[w(Fo2)2]]1/2.
Table
Table 2. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (μM) of the tested complexes (2a–c), pro-ligands (1a–c), and cisplatin.
Table 2. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (μM) of the tested complexes (2a–c), pro-ligands (1a–c), and cisplatin.
EntryCell Line2a2b2c1a [100]1b1cCisplatin [100]
1NHDF26.07 ± 0.6826.91 ± 3.511.16 ± 3.1nda>263.13 ± 13>223.82 ± 5.716.65 ± 2.1
2A54915.41 ± 5.37.79 ± 1.7>28.10 ± 1.9nda>263.13 ± 0.42>223.82 ± 2333.30 ± 4.2
3HeLa>42.14 ± 5.529.48 ± 1.38.89 ± 4.1nda65.78 ± 6.655.96 ± 1616.65 ± 3.1
4MCF7>42.14 ± 7.9>31.00 ± 11>28.10 ± 7.3nda>263.13 ± 7.572.40 ± 2.433.30 ± 4.2
a nd = not detectable.
Table
Table 3. The quenching and association parameters of the HSA-Pt systems at different temperatures.
Table 3. The quenching and association parameters of the HSA-Pt systems at different temperatures.
T (K)KSV (M−1)Kq (M−1·s−1)KA (M−1)n
2b2c2b2c2b2c2b2c
3008.85 × 1031.36 × 1041.77 × 10122.72 × 10129.88 × 1031.45 × 1041.261.25
3059.78 × 1031.48 × 1041.96 × 10122.96 × 10129.90 × 1031.52 × 1040.960.99
3101.04 × 1041.62 × 1042.08 × 10123.24 × 10121.10 × 1041.59 × 1041.241.59
Table
Table 4. Thermodynamic parameters of the HSA-Pt systems at different temperatures.
Table 4. Thermodynamic parameters of the HSA-Pt systems at different temperatures.
T (K)ΔH0 (kJ mol−1)ΔG0 (kJ mol−1)ΔS0 (J mol−1·K−1)
2b2c2b2c2b2c
30016.87.15−22.7−23.9131.4103.5
305−23.3−24.4

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Sgarbossa, P.; Śliwińska-Hill, U.; Guedes da Silva, M.F.C.; Bażanów, B.; Pawlak, A.; Jackulak, N.; Poradowski, D.; Pombeiro, A.J.L.; Smoleński, P. Pentafluorophenyl Platinum(II) Complexes of PTA and Its N-Allyl and N-Benzyl Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity. Materials 2019, 12, 3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233907

AMA Style

Sgarbossa P, Śliwińska-Hill U, Guedes da Silva MFC, Bażanów B, Pawlak A, Jackulak N, Poradowski D, Pombeiro AJL, Smoleński P. Pentafluorophenyl Platinum(II) Complexes of PTA and Its N-Allyl and N-Benzyl Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity. Materials. 2019; 12(23):3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233907

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sgarbossa, Paolo, Urszula Śliwińska-Hill, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Barbara Bażanów, Aleksandra Pawlak, Natalia Jackulak, Dominik Poradowski, Armando J. L. Pombeiro, and Piotr Smoleński. 2019. "Pentafluorophenyl Platinum(II) Complexes of PTA and Its N-Allyl and N-Benzyl Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity" Materials 12, no. 23: 3907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233907

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