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Biogas Upgrading into Renewable Natural Gas: Part I—An Assessment of Available Technologies
 
 
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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 21
10.3390/en18215760
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Review

Biogas Upgrading into Renewable Natural Gas: Part II—An Assessment of Emerging Technologies

by
Blake Foret
1,2,
José Ramón Laines Canepa
3,
Gabriel Núñez-Nogueira
4,
Stephen Dufreche
1,
Rafael Hernandez
1,2,
Daniel Gang
1,5,
Wayne Sharp
1,5,
Emmanuel Revellame
1,2,
Dhan Lord B. Fortela
1,2,
Sarah Simoneaux
1,2,
Hayden Hulin
1,6,
William E. Holmes
1,2 and
Mark E. Zappi
1,2,*
1
Energy Institute of Louisiana, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86039, Tabasco, Mexico
4
Department of Biology, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86039, Tabasco, Mexico
5
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(21), 5760; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215760 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 September 2025 / Revised: 27 October 2025 / Accepted: 28 October 2025 / Published: 31 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies and Distribution Systems: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Renewable natural gas is an innovative alternative fuel source that has the potential to integrate seamlessly into the current energy and fuel sector. In addition, growing concerns related to energy security and environmental impact are incentivizing the development of RNG technologies. In conjunction with this document, current technologies related to biogas conditioning and biogas upgrading were covered in a separate analysis deemed Part I. With the current technologies, however, issues such as compositional quality, combustion efficiency, and high operational costs still need to be addressed before RNG can reach its true capability in use. Recent innovations have focused on optimizing techniques and introducing new methods to maximize methane yield and purity while minimizing costs and energy consumption. This document, Part II, provides an overview of emerging technologies related to further biogas upgrading, such as cryogenics, methane enrichment, and hybrid treatments, aimed at increasing cleaned biogas purity. Processes in development are also discussed, including industrial lung, supersonic separation, chemical hydrogenation, hydrate formation, and various biological treatments. The benefits of these advancements are increased purity for the ability to pipeline renewable natural gas in existing infrastructure, help industries reach sustainability goals, and contribute to a more resilient energy system. Together, Parts I and II offer a comprehensive understanding of both current and future technological developments.
Keywords: biogas; alternative energy; renewable natural gas; biogas upgrading biogas; alternative energy; renewable natural gas; biogas upgrading

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MDPI and ACS Style

Foret, B.; Laines Canepa, J.R.; Núñez-Nogueira, G.; Dufreche, S.; Hernandez, R.; Gang, D.; Sharp, W.; Revellame, E.; Fortela, D.L.B.; Simoneaux, S.; et al. Biogas Upgrading into Renewable Natural Gas: Part II—An Assessment of Emerging Technologies. Energies 2025, 18, 5760. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215760

AMA Style

Foret B, Laines Canepa JR, Núñez-Nogueira G, Dufreche S, Hernandez R, Gang D, Sharp W, Revellame E, Fortela DLB, Simoneaux S, et al. Biogas Upgrading into Renewable Natural Gas: Part II—An Assessment of Emerging Technologies. Energies. 2025; 18(21):5760. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215760

Chicago/Turabian Style

Foret, Blake, José Ramón Laines Canepa, Gabriel Núñez-Nogueira, Stephen Dufreche, Rafael Hernandez, Daniel Gang, Wayne Sharp, Emmanuel Revellame, Dhan Lord B. Fortela, Sarah Simoneaux, and et al. 2025. "Biogas Upgrading into Renewable Natural Gas: Part II—An Assessment of Emerging Technologies" Energies 18, no. 21: 5760. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215760

APA Style

Foret, B., Laines Canepa, J. R., Núñez-Nogueira, G., Dufreche, S., Hernandez, R., Gang, D., Sharp, W., Revellame, E., Fortela, D. L. B., Simoneaux, S., Hulin, H., Holmes, W. E., & Zappi, M. E. (2025). Biogas Upgrading into Renewable Natural Gas: Part II—An Assessment of Emerging Technologies. Energies, 18(21), 5760. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215760

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