An Experimental Study of a Thermally Activated Ceiling Containing Phase Change Material for Different Cooling Load Profiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- C0—Stefan–Boltzmann constant, C0 = 5.67∙ 10−8 W/(m2 ∙ K4);
- TP—temperature of the non-activated surfaces, [K];
- TS—surface temperature of activated panels, [K]; and
- ε1, ε2—emissivity of the emitting surface and emissivity of the heat absorbing surface (for building materials: ε1, ε2 = 0.9–0.95), [-];
- —field of the emitting surface and the heat absorbing surface, [m2]; and
- —view factor [-].
- αc—convective heat transfer coefficient, [W/m2 K];
- ti—air temperature in room, [°C]; and
- ts—surface temperature of thermally activated panels, [°C].
- in a heating mode ():
- in a cooling mode ():
- —characteristic dimension of radiant ceiling panel, [m];
- —thermal conductivity of air, [W/(m·K)];
- Nu—Nusselt number, [-];
- —Rayleigh number, [-];
- Pr—Prandtl number, [-];
- Gr—Grashof number, [-];
- —thermal expansion coefficient, [m/s2];
- g—gravitational acceleration, [m/s2];
- —density of air, [kg/m3];
- ts − ti—temperature difference between thermally activated surface and air, [K]; and
- —dynamic viscosity of air, [kg/(ms)].
- —water mass flow rate, [kg/s];
- —difference between supply and return water temperature, [K];
- —specific heat capacity, [J/(kg∙K)]; and
- —area of thermally activated surface, [m].
- —constant of the characteristic equation, [-];
- —temperature difference of the active surface, [K]; and
- —exponent of the characteristic equation of the active surface, [-].
2.1. Experimental Chamber
2.2. Apparatus and Accuracy
2.3. PCM in Thermally Activated Modules
2.4. Cooling Ceiling Modules—Steady State
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- —heat gains, [W];
- —time step (period of occurrence of cooling load), [s];
- —total heat flux density (period of occurrence of cooling load), [W/m2];
- —area of thermally activated ceiling, [m2];
- PCM enthalpy difference for system operation range, [J/kg];
- —PCM mass, [kg]; and
- —period of occurrence of cooling load.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Thermal Properties of Cooling Ceiling Modules | Activation Time |
---|---|
Cooling performance (according to the manufacturer) [W/m2] | (R2 = 0.9998) |
Specific cooling capacity [W/m2] | (R2 = 0.9957) |
Heat-flux density [W/m2] | (R2 = 1) |
Convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)] | (R2 = 1) |
Radiant heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)] | |
Overall heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)] | (R2 = 0.9165) |
Variant | User Profile | Temperature of Water Inlet, Tin [°C] | |
---|---|---|---|
Ia | Office (8 h, 220 W) | 15.5 | 20.3 |
Ib | Office (8 h, 220 W) | 15.5 | 10.0 |
IIa | Educational (10:20 h = 6 × 1.5 h and breaks between, 220 W) | 15.5 | 21.0 |
IIb | Educational (10:20 h = 6 × 1.5 h and breaks between, 220 W) | 15.7 | 10.4 |
IIIa | Office (4 h + 4 h with 1 h break between work hours, 220 W) | 15.5 | 20.4 |
IIIb | Office (4 h + 4 h with 1 h break between work hours, 220 W) | 15.5 | 10.4 |
Activation Time | Work Hours | |
---|---|---|
Convective heat flux density [W/m2] | (R2 = 0.9978) | (R2 = 0.9995) |
Radiant heat flux density [W/m2] | (R2 = 1) | (R2 = 1) |
Convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)] | (R2 = 0.9668) | (R2 = 0.9887) |
Radiant heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)] |
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Sinacka, J.; Szczechowiak, E. An Experimental Study of a Thermally Activated Ceiling Containing Phase Change Material for Different Cooling Load Profiles. Energies 2021, 14, 7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217363
Sinacka J, Szczechowiak E. An Experimental Study of a Thermally Activated Ceiling Containing Phase Change Material for Different Cooling Load Profiles. Energies. 2021; 14(21):7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217363
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinacka, Joanna, and Edward Szczechowiak. 2021. "An Experimental Study of a Thermally Activated Ceiling Containing Phase Change Material for Different Cooling Load Profiles" Energies 14, no. 21: 7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217363