Studies on a Thermal Fault Simulation Device and the Pyrolysis Process of Insulating Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thermal Fault Simulator Description
2.1. Experimental Device
2.1.1. Enclosure
2.1.2. Fault Source
2.1.3. Temperature Test and Control Module
2.2. Experimental Process
2.2.1. Experimental Sample
2.2.2. Experimental Circuit
2.2.3. Fault Simulation
2.2.4. Test the Gas Dissolved in Oil
3. Finite Element Simulation Model
3.1. Governing Equations
3.2. Boundary Condition Setting and Calculation Realization
4. Experimental Result and Analysis
4.1. Temperature Field Distribution of Oil Tank in Fault Simulation Experiment
4.2. Pyrolysis Gas Production of Insulating Oil in Fault Simulation Experiment
4.3. Relationship between Heat Source Energy and Pyrolysis Reaction of Insulating Oil
4.4. Multivariate Nonlinear Energy Calculation Model and Result Analysis
- The content of methane, ethane, ethene and acetylene in pyrolysis is higher than that of other products.
- Most of the heat energy is converted to chemical reaction energy, and energy dissipation is ignored.
- Hydrogen occurs in a variety of organic reactions, making the product's contribution to energy duplicate, so hydrogen is not selected as the characteristic gas.
5. Conclusions
- The fault simulator can simulate the pyrolysis process of the insulated oil well through the comparison of the experimental results with the two-stage pyrolysis theory proposed by Shirai [2].
- Further analysis of the heating process of the insulating oil indicates that the pyrolysis process of the insulating oil is gradually completed. Different pyrolysis stages correspond to different reactions and products. According to this analysis, a pyrolysis path model for insulating oil is obtained.
- A multivariate nonlinear energy calculation model is proposed, which provides a way to calculate the reaction energy through the pyrolysis products of insulating oils.
- The heat source energy required for different pyrolysis processes is calculated by the multivariate nonlinear energy calculation model.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gabbar, H.A.; Aboughaly, M.; Stoute, C.B. DC Thermal Plasma Design and Utilization for the Low Density Polyethylene to Diesel Oil Pyrolysis Reaction. Energies 2017, 10, 784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zou, J.; Chen, W.; Wan, F.; Fan, Z.; Du, L. Raman Spectral Characteristics of Oil-Paper Insulation and Its Application to Ageing Stage Assessment of Oil-Immersed Transformers. Energies 2016, 9, 946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Li, K.; Sun, J.; Xie, L. A Novel Integrated Method to Diagnose Faults in Power Transformers. Energies 2018, 11, 3041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xun, H.; Hongyu, G.; Mortaza, G.; Behnam, S.; Qing, L. Pyrolysis of Different Wood Species: Impacts of C/H Ratio in Feedstock on Distribution of Pyrolysis Products. Biomass Bioenergy 2019, 120, 28–39. [Google Scholar]
- Agblevor, F.A.; Jahromi, H. Aqueous Phase Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Reactions of Guaiacol and Low Molecular Weight Oxygenates. ChemCatChem 2018, 10, 1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foster, A.A.; Hossein, J. Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Furfural Reactions with Low-Molecular-Weight Biomass Oxygenates. Energy Fuel. 2018, 32, 8552–8562. [Google Scholar]
- Halstead, W.D. A Thermodynamic Assessment of the Formation of Gaseous Hydrocarbons in Faulty Transformers. J. Inst. Pet. 1973, 59, 239–241. [Google Scholar]
- Shirai, M.; Shimoji, S.; Ishii, T. Thermodynamic Study on the Thermal Decomposition of Insulating Oil. Electr. Insul. 1977, 12, 272–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossein, J.; Foster, A.A. Hydrodeoxygenation of Aqueous-Phase Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil to Liquid Hydrocarbons Using Multifunctional Nickel Catalyst. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2018, 57, 13257–13268. [Google Scholar]
- Suntivarakorn, R.; Treedet, W.; Singbua, P.; Teeramaetawat, N. Fast Pyrolysis from Napier Grass for Pyrolysis Oil Production by Using Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor: Improvement of Pyrolysis System and Production Cost. Energy Rep. 2018, 4, 565–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jakob, F.; Noble, P.; Dukarm, J.J. A Thermodynamic Approach to Evaluation of the Severity of Transformer Faults. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2012, 27, 554–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Tang, C.; Wang, Q.; Li, X.; Hao, J. Selection of Optimal Polymerization Degree and Force Field in the Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Insulating Paper Cellulose. Energies 2017, 10, 1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, R.J.; Hu, S.; Yang, L.J. Molecular Simulation of Micro-mechanism of Thermal Aging Degradation of Transformer Insulation Paper. High Volt. Technol. 2009, 35, 1565–1570. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, Q.; Hu, S.; Zhou, T.C. Experimental Study on Temperature Response to Frequency Domain Dielectric Ageing of Oil-paper Insulation for Transformers. High Volt. Electr. Appar. 2013, 2, 74–79. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, J.Y.; Wang, X.L.; Li, Q.M. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of High Temperature Pyrolysis of Insulating Paper. Chin. J. Electr. Eng. 2015, 35, 5941–5949. [Google Scholar]
- Krishnan, Y.; Byrne, A.; English, N.J. Vibrational Study of Iodide-Based Room-Temperature Ionic-Liquid Effects on Candidate N719-Chromophore/Titania Interfaces for Dye-Sensitised Solar-Cell Applications from Ab-Initio Based Molecular-Dynamics Simulation. Energies 2018, 11, 2570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, R.J.; Lu, Y.C.; Yang, L.J. Simulated Calculation of Space Charge Trap Depth in Polymer Dielectrics. Insul. Mater. 2006, 39, 51–54. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.; Li, L.; Yao, W. Analysis and Discussion of SF6 Byproducts in Simulated Electric Equipment of Overheating Faults in Low Humidity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, J.; Huang, X.J.; Xie, Y.B. Design and Establishment of Experimental Simulation System Concerning SF6 Thermal Decomposition. High Volt. Eng. 2014, 40, 3388–3395. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, B.; Cai, R.L. Principles of Pressure Vessel Design and Engineering Applications; Machinery Industry Press: Beijing, China, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.S. Special Material for Practical Application of Pressure Vessel Materials; Chemical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Castello, D.; Rolli, B.; Kruse, A.; Fiori, L. Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass in a Ceramic Reactor: Long-Time Batch Experiments. Energies 2017, 10, 1734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amoiralis, E.I.; Tsili, M.A.; Kladas, A.G. Transformer Design and Optimization: A Literature Survey. Power Deliv. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2009, 24, 1999–2024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Yan, Z.; Yang, C.; Guo, B.; Yuan, H.; Zhao, J.; Mei, N. Study of a Coil Heat Exchanger with an Ice Storage System. Energies 2017, 10, 1982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henshaw, W.D.; Chand, K.K. A Composite Grid Solver for Conjugate Heat Transfer in Fluid-structure Systems. J. Comput. Phys. 2009, 228, 3708–3741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, L.-H.; Xu, S.-X.; Ma, G.-Y.; Wang, J. Experimental Research on Water Boiling Heat Transfer on Horizontal Copper Rod Surface at Sub-Atmospheric Pressure. Energies 2015, 8, 10141–10152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thomas, S.K.; Lykins, R.C.; Yerkes, K.L. Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Trapezoidal Grooves with Shear Stress at the Liquid—Vapor Interface. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2001, 44, 3397–3412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, C.; Ji, L.; Yu, Z. Fluid Model of Inductively Coupled Plasma Etcher Based on COMSOL. J. Semicond. 2010, 31, 19–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; El Baghdadi, M.; Lan, Y.; Benomar, Y.; Van Mierlo, J.; Hegazy, O. Design Methodology, Modeling, and Comparative Study of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles. Energies 2018, 11, 1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hosseinzadeh, E.; Marco, J.; Jennings, P. Electrochemical-Thermal Modelling and Optimisation of Lithium-Ion Battery Design Parameters Using Analysis of Variance. Energies 2017, 10, 1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, T.S.; Li, J.; Chen, W.G. Heat circuit model for calculating hot spot temperature of oil-immersed transformer windings. High Volt. Technol. 2009, 35, 1635–1640. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, C.X.; Chen, W.G.; Li, J. Electrical Equipment Dissolved Gases On-Line Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Technology; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.L.; Li, Q.M.; Yang, R. Multi Index Comprehensive Weight Assessment Method for Transformer Composite Insulation Defects Based on Oil Chromatogram Analysis. High Volt. Technol. 2015, 41, 3836–3842. [Google Scholar]
Property | Parameter |
---|---|
Density (20 °C) kg/m3 | 825.4 |
Pour Point, °C | −36 |
Kinematic viscosity (40 °C), mm2/S | 10.83 |
Acid Value, mg/g | 0.03 |
Corrosive | non-corrosive |
Water Soluble Acid or Alkali | none |
Breakdown Voltage, kV | ≥75 |
Chemical Reaction | Energy (kWh/L) |
---|---|
C20 → C1-C9 + C10-C19 | 0.2–0.5 |
Unsaturated hydrocarbons → olefins + alkynes | 0.5–0.7 |
olefins + alkanes → acetylene + hydrogen | 0.85–0.95 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Du, L.; Wang, Y.; Wang, W.; Chen, X. Studies on a Thermal Fault Simulation Device and the Pyrolysis Process of Insulating Oil. Energies 2018, 11, 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123392
Du L, Wang Y, Wang W, Chen X. Studies on a Thermal Fault Simulation Device and the Pyrolysis Process of Insulating Oil. Energies. 2018; 11(12):3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123392
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Lin, Yubo Wang, Wujing Wang, and Xiangxiang Chen. 2018. "Studies on a Thermal Fault Simulation Device and the Pyrolysis Process of Insulating Oil" Energies 11, no. 12: 3392. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123392