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Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 15
Issue 4
10.4414/cvm.2012.01661
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Cardiovascular Medicine is published by MDPI from Volume 28 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Editores Medicorum Helveticorum (EMH).
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Review

Should Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Be Treated in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure?

by
Otmar Pfister
1,*,†,
Dominique Evéquoz
2,
François Mach
3,
Giorgio Moschovitis
4,†,
Kaveh Samii
5 and
Gérard Waeber
6
1
Division of Cardiology, University Hospita, Basel Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
2
Department of Internal Medicine, District Hospital, Brig, Switzerland
3
Division of Cardiology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
4
Division of Cardiology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
5
Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
6
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Members of the Working Group of Heart Failure of the Swiss Society of Cardiology
Cardiovasc. Med. 2012, 15(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2012.01661 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 18 January 2012 / Revised: 18 February 2012 / Accepted: 18 March 2012 / Published: 18 April 2012
Versions Notes

Abstract

Anaemia and iron deficiency are common co-morbidities in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and are both independently associated with poor outcomes. Their cause in heart failure is multifactorial with contributing factors including proinflammatory cytokines, renal dysfunction, haemodilution, intestinal malabsorption and heart failure medications. Since anaemia in heart failure is considered an anaemia of chronic disease, its treatment remains a clinical challenge. While the long-term safety and risk/benefit ratio of chronic erythropoietin (EPO) substitution is highly debated, correction of iron deficiency in CHF patients with or without anaemia was shown to be safe and efficacious in improving exercise capacity and heart failure symptoms. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical consequences of anaemia and iron deficiency in CHF and discusses what treatment options have been explored in clinical trials.
Keywords: heart failure, anaemia, iron deficiency heart failure, anaemia, iron deficiency

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pfister, O.; Evéquoz, D.; Mach, F.; Moschovitis, G.; Samii, K.; Waeber, G. Should Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Be Treated in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure? Cardiovasc. Med. 2012, 15, 109. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2012.01661

AMA Style

Pfister O, Evéquoz D, Mach F, Moschovitis G, Samii K, Waeber G. Should Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Be Treated in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure? Cardiovascular Medicine. 2012; 15(4):109. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2012.01661

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pfister, Otmar, Dominique Evéquoz, François Mach, Giorgio Moschovitis, Kaveh Samii, and Gérard Waeber. 2012. "Should Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Be Treated in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure?" Cardiovascular Medicine 15, no. 4: 109. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2012.01661

APA Style

Pfister, O., Evéquoz, D., Mach, F., Moschovitis, G., Samii, K., & Waeber, G. (2012). Should Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Be Treated in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure? Cardiovascular Medicine, 15(4), 109. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2012.01661

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