Assessment of Water Quality in a Subtropical Alpine Lake Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Geostatistical Mapping: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Sample Collection
2.2. Cluster Analysis
2.3. Principal Component Analysis/Factor Analysis
2.4. Geostatistical Mapping
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Similarity with CA
3.2. Principal Component Analysis and Pollution Identification
3.3. Geostatistical Mapping
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Parameter | Abbreviation | Station 1 | Station 2 | Station 3 | Station 4 | Station 5 | Station 6 | Station 7 | Station 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Temp | 12.4 ± 2.88 . | 13.63 ± 3.80 | 14.30 ± 3.41 | 14.41 ± 3.66 | 14.67 ± 3.62 | 13.86 ± 3.24 | 13.83 ± 3.49 | 14.47 ± 3.75 |
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) | DO | 5.82 ± 0.89 | 6.49 ± 0.92 | 6.85 ± 0.75 | 6.79 ± 1.08 | 6.57 ± 1.26 | 6.11 ± 1.40 | 6.01 ± 1.30 | 6.78 ± 0.82 |
Secchi Depth (m) | SD | 0.65 ± 0.12 | 0.86 ± 0.14 | 1.79 ± 0.39 | 1.69 ± 0.40 | 1.79 ± 0.44 | 1.95 ± 0.41 | 1.92 ± 0.39 | 1.84 ± 0.36 |
Total Phosphorus (mg/L) | TP | 0.011 ±.005 | 0.014 ± 0.008 | 0.012 ± 0.006 | 0.011 ± 0.006 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.010 ± 0.004 | 0.009 ± 0.003 |
Total Nitrogen (mg/L) | TN | 0.528 ± 0.169 | 0.544 ± 0.219 | 0.452 ± 0.196 | 0.427 ± 0.115 | 0.432 ± 0.144 | 0.454 ± 0.184 | 0.448 ± 0.166 | 0.422 ± 0.169 |
Ammonium Nitrogen (mg/L) | NH4-N | 0.080 ± 0.112 | 0.078 ± 0.057 | 0.074 ± 0.039 | 0.051 ± 0.037 | 0.055 ± 0.031 | 0.097 ± 0.085 | 0.100 ± 0.102 | 0.077 ± 0.089 |
Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L) | NO3-N | 0.111 ± 0.053 | 0.071 ± 0.038 | 0.083 ± 0.045 | 0.092 ± 0.042 | 0.091 ± 0.044 | 0.097 ± 0.044 | 0.095 ± 0.041 | 0.097 ± 0.045 |
Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) | TSS | 5.38 ±.02 | 5.87 ± 3.88 | 3.79 ± 2.73 | 3.19 ± 1.95 | 4.18 ± 2.84 | 3.44 ± 3.07 | 3.90 ± 3.73 | 3.57 ± 2.74 |
Turbidity (NTU) | Turb | 14.10 ± 7.60 | 16.24 ± 7.31 | 15.18 ± 6.36 | 15.25 ± 6.95 | 16.14 ± 7.72 | 18.23 ± 7.81 | 18.52 ± 8.65 | 15.83 ± 6.45 |
Chlorophyll a (μg/L) | Chl-a | 4.20 ± 3.44 | 7.33 ± 6.68 | 4.50 ± 3.17 | 3.49 ± 2.05 | 3.11 ± 1.98 | 6.39 ± 5.68 | 7.78 ± 10.14 | 3.83 ± 2.35 |
pH (pH unit) | pH | 5.89 ± 0.43 | 6.30 ± 0.45 | 6.42 ± 0.39 | 6.43 ± 0.29 | 6.49 ± 0.38 | 6.41 ± 0.29 | 6.48 ± 0.32 | 6.48 ± 0.34 |
Light attenuation coefficient (m−1) | Ke | 4.78 ± 2.52 | 4.87 ± 2.48 | 2.68 ± 1.17 | 2.58 ± 1.30 | 2.67 ± 1.27 | 2.84 ± 1.26 | 2.37 ± 0.87 | 4.35 ± 1.97 |
Wind Speed (m/s) | WS | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 | 0.744 ± 0.182 |
Rainfall (mm) | R | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 | 4.318 ± 7.048 |
Temp | DO | WS | R | SD | TP | NH4-N | NO3-N | TN | TSS | Chl-a | Turb | pH | Ke | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp | 1 | |||||||||||||
DO | −0.38 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
WS | −0.07 | −0.04 | 1 | |||||||||||
R | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.77 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
SD | −0.12 | 0.26 * | −0.02 | 0.02 | 1 | |||||||||
TP | 0.24 * | −0.15 | −0.32 ** | −0.26 * | −0.27 * | 1 | ||||||||
NH4-N | 0.30 ** | −0.27 * | −0.25 * | −0.32 ** | −0.18 | 0.37 ** | 1 | |||||||
NO3-N | −0.26 * | −0.10 | 0.21 | 0.22 * | 0.13 | −0.28 ** | 0.04 | 1 | ||||||
TN | 0.26 * | −0.46 ** | 0.17 | −0.21 | −0.23 * | 0.24 * | 0.35 ** | 0.16 | 1 | |||||
TSS | 0.15 | −0.23 * | −0.33 ** | −0.32 ** | −0.18 | 0.51 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.12 | 0.25 * | 1 | ||||
Chl-a | 0.17 | −0.34 ** | −0.34 ** | 0.28 * | −0.14 | 0.39 ** | 0.48 ** | −0.10 | 0.27 * | 0.59 ** | 1 | |||
Turb | 0.36 ** | −0.48 ** | −0.18 | −0.20 | 0.01 | −0.14 | 0.55 ** | 0.16 | 0.36 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.42 ** | 1 | ||
pH | 0.02 | 0.36 ** | −0.19 | 0.17 | 0.38 ** | −0.05 | −0.11 | −0.30 ** | −0.37 ** | −0.18 | −0.09 | −0.18 | 1 | |
Ke | −0.11 | −0.15 | −0.01 | 0.14 | −0.38 ** | 0.04 | −0.08 | 0.07 | 0.24 * | 0.11 | 0.13 | −0.08 | −0.36 ** | 1 |
Parameters | Four significant PCs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
VF1 | VF2 | VF3 | VF4 | |
Temp | 0.465 | 0.038 | 0.309 | −0.623 |
DO | −0.582 | 0.437 | −0.205 | 0.171 |
WS | −0.409 | −0.696 | 0.201 | −0.237 |
R | 0.383 | 0.735 | −0.105 | 0.218 |
SD | −0.367 | 0.330 | 0.581 | 0.254 |
TP | 0.610 | 0.224 | −0.309 | −0.218 |
NH4-N | 0.718 | 0.096 | 0.252 | 0.051 |
NO3-N | −0.043 | −0.460 | 0.299 | 0.704 |
TN | 0.536 | −0.543 | 0.118 | −0.105 |
TSS | 0.698 | 0.111 | −0.163 | 0.310 |
Chl-a | 0.737 | 0.133 | −0.047 | 0.148 |
Turb | 0.655 | −0.067 | 0.533 | 0.110 |
pH | −0.314 | 0.649 | 0.217 | −0.214 |
Ke | 0.162 | −0.429 | −0.627 | 0.132 |
Eigenvalue | 3.76 | 2.53 | 1.54 | 1.34 |
Percentage of total variance | 26.89 | 18.08 | 11.02 | 9.54 |
Cumulative percentage of variance | 26.89 | 44.96 | 55.98 | 65.52 |
Variables | Variogram models |
---|---|
PC1 | Nugget[0.031] + Exponential[0.466, 287.106] |
PC2 | Nugget[0.007] + Gaussian[5.004, 1116.3] |
PC3 | Nugget[0.036] + Gaussian[1.443, 259.137] |
PC4 | Nugget[0.018] + Gaussian[0.305, 215.136] |
FA1 | Nugget[0.038] + Exponential[0.157, 65.983] |
FA2 | Nugget[0.003] + Exponential[0.080, 185.810] |
FA3 | Nugget[0.010] + Gaussian[2.056, 383.165] |
FA4 | Nugget[0.010] + Gaussian[0.409, 288.627] |
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Liu, W.-C.; Yu, H.-L.; Chung, C.-E. Assessment of Water Quality in a Subtropical Alpine Lake Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Geostatistical Mapping: A Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 1126-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8041126
Liu W-C, Yu H-L, Chung C-E. Assessment of Water Quality in a Subtropical Alpine Lake Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Geostatistical Mapping: A Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(4):1126-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8041126
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Wen-Cheng, Hwa-Lung Yu, and Chung-En Chung. 2011. "Assessment of Water Quality in a Subtropical Alpine Lake Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques and Geostatistical Mapping: A Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 4: 1126-1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8041126