COVID-19 Related Fear, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioral Changes According to Level of Depression among Nursing Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Identify differences in general characteristics according to level of depression among nursing students.
- (2)
- Compare COVID-19 related fear, risk perceptions, and behavioral changes according to level of depression among nursing students.
- (3)
- Identify the influencing factors of depression among nursing students.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Research Instruments
2.2.1. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Korean Version
2.2.2. Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)
2.2.3. COVID-19 Related Risk Perceptions
2.2.4. COVID-19 Behavior Changes
2.3. Data Collection and Ethical Consideration
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Depression and Non-Depression Groups
3.2. COVID-19 Related Fear, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioral Changes in the Depression and Non-Depression Groups
3.3. Differences in Behavioral Change Scores between the Depression and Non-Depression Groups
3.4. Associations between Depression and Fear and Behavioral Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Total | Non Depression | Depression | χ2 or Z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | ||||||
241 (100.0) | 147 (61.0) | 94 (39.0) | ||||
Grade | Sophomore | 68 (28.2) | 33 (22.4) | 35 (37.2) | 6.51 | 0.04 |
Junior | 71 (29.5) | 46 (30.6) | 26 (27.7) | |||
Senior | 102 (42.3) | 69 (46.9) | 33 (35.1) | |||
Gender | Male | 34 (14.1) | 22 (15.0) | 12 (12.8) | 0.23 | 0.63 |
Female | 207 (85.9) | 125 (85.0) | 82 (87.2) | |||
Religion | No | 163 (67.6) | 101 (68.7) | 62 (66.0) | 0.20 | 0.67 |
Yes | 78 (32.4) | 46 (31.3) | 32 (34.0) | |||
Type of residence | Living with parents | 73 (30.3) | 49 (33.3) | 24 (25.5) | 2.54 | 0.28 |
Dorm | 35 (14.5) | 18 (12.2) | 17 (18.1) | |||
Live alone/boarding house | 133 (55.2) | 80 (54.4) | 53 (56.4) | |||
COVID-19 information | University | 10 (4.1) | 6 (4.1) | 4 (4.3) | 0.06 | 0.96 * |
resource | Mass media | 231 (95.9) | 140 (95.9) | 90 (95.7) | ||
Observe precautions | Well Moderately | 222 (92.4) 19 (7.6) | 134 (91.2) 13 (8.8) | 88 (93.6) 6 (6.4) | −0.69 | 0.49 * |
Variables | Non Depression | Depression | t (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Fear | 16.73 ± 4.90 | 18.35 ± 4.84 | −2.52 (0.012) |
Risk perceptions | 33.70 ± 7.00 | 34.65 ± 6.48 | −1.06 (0.292) |
Behavioral changes | 6.64 ± 2.30 | 5.96 ± 2.42 | 2.17 (0.031) |
Item | Non Depression (%) | Depression (%) | χ2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wash hands more | Do | 94.6 | 87.2 | 4.04 | 0.04 |
Do not do | 5.4 | 12.8 | ||||
2 | More careful about cleanliness | Do | 94.6 | 86.2 | 5.07 | 0.02 |
Do not do | 5.4 | 13.8 | ||||
3 | Wore a mask | Do | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
Do not do | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
4 | Stop shaking hands | Do | 65.3 | 53.2 | 3.52 | 0.06 |
Do not do | 34.7 | 46.8 | ||||
5 | Stop touching own face | Do | 38.8 | 23.4 | 6.15 | 0.01 |
Do not do | 61.2 | 76.6 | ||||
6 | Stop socializing | Do | 58.5 | 55.3 | 0.24 | 0.63 |
Do not do | 41.5 | 44.7 | ||||
7 | Avoid public places | Do | 65.3 | 62.8 | 0.16 | 0.69 |
Do not do | 34.7 | 37.2 | ||||
8 | Gone into complete quarantine | Do | 21.1 | 19.4 | 0.11 | 0.75 |
Do not do | 78.9 | 80.6 | ||||
9 | Purchased extra food | Do | 12.9 | 16.0 | 0.44 | 0.51 |
Do not do | 87.1 | 84.0 | ||||
10 | Purchased extra medical supplies or medications | Do | 12,9 | 22.3 | 3.67 | 0.06 |
Do not do | 87.1 | 77.7 | ||||
11 | Eaten a more balanced diet | Do | 49.7 | 36.2 | 4.23 | 0.04 |
Do not do | 50.3 | 63.8 | ||||
12 | Taken additional vitamins | Do | 50.3 | 34.0 | 6.18 | 0.01 |
Do not do | 49.7 | 66.0 |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Grade | ||
Sophomore | 2.28 (1.19–4.27) | 0.013 |
Junior | 1.10 (0.57–2.12) | 0.778 |
Senior | 1 | |
Fear | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 0.005 |
Behavioral Changes | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) | 0.016 |
No face touching | 0.48 (0.24–0.93) | 0.031 |
Purchasing extra medical supplies | 3.13 (1.19–8.22) | 0.021 |
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Kim, K.; Jeong, H.; Lee, J. COVID-19 Related Fear, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioral Changes According to Level of Depression among Nursing Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084814
Kim K, Jeong H, Lee J. COVID-19 Related Fear, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioral Changes According to Level of Depression among Nursing Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084814
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Kyungmi, Hyesun Jeong, and Jongeun Lee. 2022. "COVID-19 Related Fear, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioral Changes According to Level of Depression among Nursing Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084814