Lifestyle Variations during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Diet, Physical Activities, and Weight Gain among the Jordanian Adult Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Research Tools and Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Construct Validity and Reliability
2.3.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability of the Questionnaire
3.2. Validation of the Questionnaire
Question Number | Factor 1 (18.1%) | Factor 2 (10.9%) | Factor 3 (7.4%) | Factor 4 (7.1%) | Factor 5 (5.7%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q 13 | 0.8191 | ||||
Q 20 | 0.7740 | ||||
Q 14 | 0.7411 | ||||
Q 22 | 0.6608 | ||||
Q 18 | 0.6267 | ||||
Q 19 | 0.6053 | ||||
Q 10 | 0.5713 | ||||
Q 17 | 0.5294 | ||||
Q 26 | 0.7594 | ||||
Q 25 | 0.7459 | ||||
Q 23 | 0.6855 | ||||
Q 24 | 0.4218 | ||||
Q 28 | 0.61757 | ||||
Q 29 | 0.5883 | ||||
Q 21 | 0.5323 | ||||
Q 16 | 0.7288 | ||||
Q 15 | 0.7130 | ||||
Q 12 | 0.6718 | ||||
Q 11 | −0.5038 | ||||
Q 27 | |||||
Q 30 |
3.3. Demographics Summary
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question Number | Question | Alpha |
---|---|---|
Q 10 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your weight changed? | 0.7277 |
Q 11 | Have you ever had COVID-19? | 0.7530 |
Q 12 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your probability of skipping one of the main meals (breakfast, lunch, or dinner) changed? | 0.7296 |
Q 13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | 0.7046 |
Q 14 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | 0.7152 |
Q 15 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your daily intake of fruits and vegetables changed? | 0.7387 |
Q 16 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of a balanced diet (including healthy ingredients such as whole wheat, pulses, legumes, eggs, nuts, fruits, and vegetables) changed? | 0.7515 |
Q 17 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of junk food and fast food changed? | 0.7277 |
Q 18 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of fried food changed? | 0.7247 |
Q 19 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated soft drinks and sugar-sweetened juices) changed? | 0.7221 |
Q 20 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of sweets, candies, and chocolate changed? | 0.7048 |
Q 21 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in cooking new or traditional recipes changed? | 0.7392 |
Q 22 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food when you are bored, stressed, or upset changed? | 0.7212 |
Q 23 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of immunity-boosting foods (lemon, garlic, turmeric, green leafy vegetables, and citrus fruits) in the diet changed? | 0.7403 |
Q 24 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of nutrition supplements to boost immunity changed? | 0.7413 |
Q 25 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has the support of your family and friends in eating healthy changed? | 0.7499 |
Q 26 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your interest in learning healthy eating tips from the media (newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, videos, T.V. shows, and text messages) changed? | 0.7471 |
Q 27 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in aerobic exercise changed? | 0.7416 |
Q 28 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in leisure and household chores changed? | 0.7407 |
Q 29 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your sitting and screen time changed? | 0.7260 |
Q 30 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your hours of sleep changed? | 0.7405 |
Q 31 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your stress and anxiety levels changed? | 0.7395 |
Question Number | Question | Slightly Increase | Significantly Increase |
---|---|---|---|
Q13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | 32% | 25% |
Q14 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | 30% | 20% |
Q21 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in cooking new and traditional recipes changed? | 23% | 30% |
Q23 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of immunity-boosting foods (lemon, turmeric, garlic, green leafy vegetables, and citrus fruits) in the diet changed? | 36% | 26% |
Q24 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of nutrition supplements to boost immunity changed? | 33% | 23% |
Q26 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your interest in learning healthy eating tips from the media (newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, videos, T.V. shows, and text messages) changed? | 35% | 19% |
Q28 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in leisure and household chores changed? | 31% | 26% |
Q29 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your sitting and screen time changed? | 24% | 35% |
Q30 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your hours of sleep changed? | 25% | 25% |
Q31 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your stress and anxiety levels changed? | 34% | 40% |
Question Number | Question | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Q 12 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your probability of skipping one of the main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) changed? | 0.0002 |
Q 13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 14 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 17 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of junk food and fast food changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 18 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of fried food changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 19 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated soft drinks and sugar-sweetened juices) changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 20 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of sweets, candies, and chocolate changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 22 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food when you are bored, stressed, upset changed? | <0.0001 |
Q 25 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has the support of your family and friends in eating healthy changed? | 0.0316 |
Q 26 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your interest in learning healthy eating tips from the media (newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, videos, T.V. shows, and text messages) changed? | 0.0182 |
Q 27 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in aerobic exercise changed? | 0.0275 |
Q 29 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your sitting and screen time changed? | <0.0001 |
Level (Mean ± SD) | Level (Mean ± SD) | Difference | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Q.12 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your probability of skipping one of the main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) changed? | ||||
5 (0.99 ± 3.01) | 2 (−0.31 ± 1.50) | 1.30 | (0.27, 2.31) | 0.0051 |
5 (0.99 ± 3.01) | 1 (−0.25 ± 3.35) | 1.24 | (0.11, 2.37) | 0.0227 |
5 (0.99 ± 3.01) | 3 (−0.07 ± 1.66) | 1.06 | (0.28, 1.84) | 0.0020 |
Q.13 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | ||||
5 (0.99 ± 2.99) | 1 (−1.49 ± 2.62) | 2.48 | (1.21, 3.74) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.55 ± 1.57) | 1 (−1.49 ± 2.62) | 2.04 | (0.80, 3.28) | <0.0001 |
5 (0.99 ± 2.99) | 2 (−0.70 ± 1.95) | 1.70 | (0.67, 2.72) | <0.0001 |
3 (−0.2 ± 1.51) | 1 (−1.49 ± 2.62) | 1.29 | (0.03, 2.54) | 0.0413 |
4 (0.55 ± 1.57) | 2 (−0.70 ± 1.95) | 1.26 | (0.26, 2.25) | 0.0055 |
5 (0.99 ± 2.99) | 3 (−0.20 ± 1.51) | 1.20 | (0.47, 1.92) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.55 ± 1.57) | 3 (−0.20 ± 1.51) | 0.75 | (0.06, 1.44) | 0.0242 |
Q.14 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | ||||
5 (1.11 ± 2.97) | 1 (−1.55 ± 2.42) | 2.66 | (1.36, 3.97) | <0.0001 |
5(1.11 ± 2.97) | 2 (−1.35 ± 2.62) | 2.47 | (1.47, 3.46) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.71 ± 1.72) | 1 (−1.55 ± 2.42) | 2.26 | (1.00, 3.53) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.71 ± 1.72) | 2 (−1.35 ± 2.62) | 2.06 | (1.13, 3.00) | <0.0001 |
3 (0.002 ± 1.48) | 1 (−1.55 ± 2.42) | 1.55 | (0.30, 2.81) | 0.0067 |
3 (0.002 ± 1.48) | 2 (−1.35 ± 2.62) | 1.36 | (0.43, 2.28) | 0.0007 |
5 (1.11 ± 2.97) | 3 (0.002 ± 1.48) | 1.36 | (0.38, 1.84) | 0.0004 |
4 (0.71 ± 1.72) | 3 (0.002 ± 1.48) | 1.11 | (0.06, 1.36) | 0.0240 |
Q.17 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of junk food and fast food changed? | ||||
5 (1.74 ± 2.41) | 1 (−0.56 ± 2.66) | 2.30 | (1.41, 3.19) | <0.0001 |
5 (1.74 ± 2.41) | 4 (0.09 ± 1.95) | 1.65 | (0.71, 2.60) | <0.0001 |
5 (1.74 ± 2.41) | 2 (0.12 ± 1.93) | 1.61 | (0.62, 2.61) | 0.0001 |
5(1.74 ± 2.41) | 3 (0.33 ± 1.45) | 1.41 | (0.54, 2.28) | 0.0001 |
3 (0.33 ± 1.45) | 1 (−0.56 ± 2.66) | 0.89 | (0.16, 1.62) | 0.0084 |
Q.18 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of fried food changed? | ||||
5 (1.39± 2.59) | 1 (−1.14 ± 2.20) | 2.53 | (1.32, 3.74) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.89 ± 2.22) | 1(−1.14 ± 2.20) | 2.02 | (0.91, 3.14) | <0.0001 |
1(−1.14 ± 2.2) | 2 (−0.44 ± 2.59) | 1.83 | (0.79, 2.87) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.89 ± 2.22) | 2 (−0.44 ± 2.59) | 1.32 | (0.39, 2.26) | 0.0011 |
5 (1.39± 2.59) | 3 (0.08 ± 1.69) | 1.32 | (0.46, 2.18) | 0.0003 |
3 (0.08 ± 1.69) | 1(−1.14 ± 2.20) | 1.21 | (0.20, 2.23) | 0.0101 |
4 (0.89 ± 2.22) | 3 (0.08 ± 1.69) | 0.81 | (0.08, 1.54) | 0.0207 |
Q.19 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated soft drinks and sugar-sweetened juices) changed? | ||||
5 (1.18± 2.52) | 1 (−0.71± 2.89) | 1.89 | (0.90, 2.88) | <0.0001 |
5 (1.18± 2.52) | 2 (−0.57± 1.65) | 1.75 | (0.73, 2.76) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.87± 2.14) | 1 (−0.71± 2.89) | 1.57 | (0.62, 2.52) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.87± 2.14) | 2 (−0.57± 1.65) | 1.43 | (0.45, 2.41) | 0.0007 |
5 (1.18± 2.52) | 3 (0.18± 1.71) | 1.00 | (0.19, 1.81) | 0.0071 |
3 (0.18± 1.71) | 1 (−0.71± 2.89) | 0.89 | (0.07, 1.60) | 0.0269 |
Q.20 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of sweets, candies, and chocolate changed? | ||||
5 (1.13 ± 2.44) | 1 (−0.96 ± 1.97) | 2.0835 | (1.02, 3.15) | <0.0001 |
5 (1.13 ± 2.44) | 2 (−0.62 ± 3.05) | 1.75 | (0.76, 2.73) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.57 ± 1.85) | 1 (−0.96 ± 1.97) | 1.53 | (0.49, 2.56) | 0.0006 |
5 (1.13 ± 2.44) | 3 (−0.10 ± 1.64) | 1.22 | (0.48, 2.97) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.57 ± 1.85) | 2 (−0.62 ± 3.05) | 1.19 | (0.23, 2.14) | 0.0063 |
Q.22 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food changed when you are bored or stressed, or upset? | ||||
5 (1.19 ± 2.88) | 1 (−0.81 ± 2.13) | 2.00 | (0.80, 3.20) | <0.0001 |
5 (1.19 ± 2.88) | 2 (−0.26 ± 1.78) | 1.45 | (0.34, 2.56) | 0.0035 |
5 (1.19 ± 2.88) | 3 (−0.24 ± 1.58) | 1.43 | (0.67, 2.19) | <0.0001 |
4 (0.59 ± 2.24) | 1 (−0.81 ± 2.13) | 1.39 | (0.25, 2.53) | 0.0079 |
4 (0.59 ± 2.24) | 3 (−0.24 ± 1.58) | 0.82 | (0.16, 1.49) | 0.0070 |
Q.26 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your interest in learning healthy eating tips from the media (newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, videos, T.V. shows, and text messages) changed? | ||||
2 (1.67 ± 1.8) | 5 (−0.28 ± 3.04) | 1.96 | (0.24, 3.67) | 0.0163 |
Q.29 During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your sitting and screen time changed? | ||||
5 (0.65 ± 2.31) | 1 (−1.71 ± 4.65) | 2.36 | (0.94, 3.79) | <0.0001 |
2 (0.54 ± 1.58) | 1 (−1.71 ± 4.65) | 2.26 | (0.35, 4.17) | 0.0114 |
4 (0.34 ± 1.76) | 1 (−1.71 ± 4.65) | 2.06 | (0.60, 3.52) | 0.0012 |
3 (−0.11 ± 1.79) | 1 (−1.71 ± 4.65) | 1.60 | (0.17, 3.04) | 0.0195 |
5 (0.65 ± 2.31) | 3 (−0.11 ± 1.79) | 0.76 | (0.10, 1.42) | 0.0149 |
Question Number | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Q.16 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of a balanced diet (including healthy ingredients such as whole wheat, pulses, legumes, eggs, nuts, fruits, and vegetables) changed? | 0.0129 |
Q. 21 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in cooking new and traditional recipes changed? | <0.0001 |
Q. 28 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in leisure and household chores changed? | 0.0001 |
Marital status | ||
Q.12 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your probability of skipping one of the main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) changed? | 0.0049 |
Q.13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | 0.0097 |
Q.14 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | 0.0478 |
Q.16 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of a balanced diet (including healthy ingredients such as whole wheat, pulses, legumes, eggs, nuts, fruits, and vegetables) changed? | 0.0410 |
Q.21 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in cooking new and traditional recipes changed? | 0.0299 |
Q.23 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of immunity-boosting foods (lemon, garlic, turmeric, green leafy vegetables, and citrus fruits) in the diet changed? | 0.0191 |
Q.24 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of nutrition supplements to boost immunity changed? | 0.0037 |
Q.30 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your hours of sleep changed? | 0.0007 |
Educational status | ||
Q. 13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | 0.0213 |
Q. 16 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of a balanced diet (including healthy ingredients such as whole wheat, pulses, legumes, eggs, nuts, fruits, and vegetables) changed? | 0.0007 |
Q. 24 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of nutrition supplements to boost immunity changed? | 0.0005 |
Q. 25 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has the support of your family and friends in eating healthy changed? | 0.0362 |
Q. 29 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your sitting and screen time changed? | 0.0362 |
Q. 30 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your hours of sleep changed? | 0.0010 |
Q. 23 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of immunity-boosting foods (lemon, garlic, turmeric, green leafy vegetables, and citrus fruits) in the diet changed? | 0.0278 |
Q. 28 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in leisure and household chores changed? | 0.0279 |
Family Status | ||
Q. 13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | 0.0019 |
Q. 22 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food when you are bored, stressed, or upset changed? | 0.0201 |
Socio-economic status | ||
Q. 12 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your probability of skipping one of the main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) changed? | 0.0032 |
Q. 13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | <0.0001 |
Q. 14 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | 0.0082 |
Q. 15 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your daily intake of fruits and vegetables changed? | 0.0002 |
Q. 16 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of a balanced diet (including healthy ingredients such as whole wheat, pulses, legumes, eggs, nuts, fruits, and vegetables) changed? | <0.0001 |
Q.18 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of fried food changed? | 0.0262 |
Q. 19 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated soft drinks and sugar-sweetened juices) changed? | 0.0385 |
Q.21 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your participation in cooking new and traditional recipes changed? | 0.0007 |
Q. 23 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of immunity-boosting foods (lemon, garlic, turmeric, green leafy vegetables, and citrus fruits) in the diet changed? | 0.0017 |
Q. 25 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has the support of your family and friends in eating healthy changed? | 0.0149 |
Q. 30 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your hours of sleep changed? | 0.0181 |
Q. 31 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how have your stress and anxiety levels changed? | 0.0440 |
Significantly Decreased | Slightly Decreased | Grossly Similar | Slightly Increased | Significantly Increased | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q12 | Single | 13.6% | 15.2% | 35.4% | 19.2% | 16.7% |
Married | 5.2% | 9.7% | 42% | 24.2% | 19% | |
Q13 | Single | 7.4% | 14.4% | 26.8% | 27.4% | 24% |
Married | 4.1% | 5.6% | 29.4% | 34.9% | 26% | |
Q14 | Single | 7.6% | 12.6% | 29.3% | 28.8% | 21.7% |
Married | 3% | 8.6% | 37.6% | 31.6% | 19.3% | |
Q16 | Single | 5.1% | 17.7% | 40.9% | 21.2% | 15.2% |
Married | 4.8% | 9.3% | 40.9% | 30.5% | 14.5% | |
Q21 | Single | 5.1% | 5.6% | 36.4% | 28.3% | 24.8% |
Married | 2.2% | 3.7% | 40.5% | 19.7% | 33.8% | |
Q23 | Single | 2.5% | 3.5% | 37.9% | 35.4% | 20.7% |
Married | 0.4% | 1.5% | 31.2% | 36.8% | 30.1% | |
Q24 | Single | 3% | 5.6% | 41.4% | 31.3% | 18.7% |
Married | 1.5% | 0.7% | 36.1% | 35.3% | 26.4% | |
Q30 | Single | 6.6% | 12.6% | 21.7% | 26.3% | 32.8% |
Married | 6.7% | 11.2% | 38.7% | 24.2% | 19.3% |
Question Number | Significantly Decreased | Slightly Decreased | Grossly Similar | Slightly Increased | Significantly Increased | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q13 | High School | 14.3% | 11.9% | 33.4% | 21.4% | 19% |
Bachelor | 3.8% | 12% | 27% | 33.1% | 24.2% | |
High Education | 6.1% | 3.8% | 32.1% | 30.3% | 27.8% | |
Q16 | High School | 19.1% | 11.9% | 47.6% | 16.7% | 4.8% |
Bachelor | 4.4% | 14.0% | 39.9% | 26.3% | 15.4% | |
High Education | 1.5% | 10.6% | 40.9% | 30.3% | 16.7% | |
Q24 | High School | 2.4% | 14.3% | 28.6% | 31.0% | 23.8% |
Bachelor | 3.1% | 1.7% | 38.2% | 33.5% | 23.6% | |
High Education | 0.0% | 1.5% | 41.7% | 34.9% | 22.0% | |
Q25 | High School | 9.5% | 0.0% | 38.1% | 23.8% | 28.6% |
Bachelor | 2.7% | 3.4% | 45.4% | 29.7% | 18.8% | |
High Education | 3.0% | 3.0% | 41.7% | 40.2% | 12.1% | |
Q29 | High School | 7.1% | 2.4% | 31.0% | 21.4% | 38.1% |
Bachelor | 5.5% | 4.1% | 28.0% | 25.3% | 37.2% | |
High Education | 0.0% | 4.6% | 43.2% | 22.0% | 30.3% | |
Q39 | High School | 21.4% | 9.5% | 28.6% | 19.1% | 21.4% |
Bachelor | 6.1% | 11.6% | 28.7% | 24.6% | 29.0% | |
High Education | 3.0% | 12.9% | 38.6% | 28.0% | 17.4% |
Question Number | Significantly Decreased | Slightly Decreased | Grossly Similar | Slightly Increased | Significantly Increased | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q12 | Below average | 21.7% | 15.2% | 21.7% | 26.1% | 15% |
Average | 6% | 13.2% | 39% | 22.3% | 19.5% | |
Higher than average | 11.7% | 6.8% | 47.6% | 19.4% | 14.6% | |
Q13 | Below average | 21.7% | 17.4% | 15% | 28.3% | 17.4% |
Average | 3.8% | 9.1% | 28% | 32.4% | 26.8% | |
Higher than average | 2.9% | 5.8% | 35% | 31.1% | 25% | |
Q14 | Below average | 17.4% | 10.9% | 39.1% | 19.6% | 13% |
Average | 3.5% | 10.4% | 32.4% | 32.1% | 21.7% | |
Higher than average | 3.9% | 9.7% | 36.9% | 30.1% | 19.4% | |
Q15 | Below average | 19.6% | 13% | 34.8% | 19.6% | 13% |
Average | 4.7% | 11% | 35.5% | 34.3% | 14.5% | |
Higher than average | 1.9% | 5.8% | 50.9% | 26.2% | 15.1% | |
Q16 | Below average | 21.7% | 15.2% | 39.1% | 19.6% | 4.4% |
Average | 3.8% | 15.1% | 41.5% | 24.8% | 14.8% | |
Higher than average | 1% | 4.9% | 39.8% | 35% | 19.4% | |
Q18 | Below average | 17.4% | 8.7% | 34.8% | 17.4% | 21.7% |
Average | 7.6% | 16.8% | 44.3% | 19.3% | 12% | |
Higher than average | 5.9% | 9.9% | 56.4% | 18.8% | 8.9% | |
Q19 | Below average | 17.4% | 13% | 28.3% | 15.2% | 26.1% |
Average | 14.5% | 13.2% | 37.4% | 19.2% | 15.7% | |
Higher than average | 12.6% | 12.6% | 53.4% | 13.6% | 7.8% | |
Q21 | Below average | 15.2% | 4.4% | 30.4% | 28.3% | 21.7% |
Average | 1.6% | 5% | 39.6% | 24.2% | 29.6% | |
Higher than average | 3.9% | 2.9% | 39.8% | 18.5% | 35% | |
Q23 | Below average | 8.7% | 2.2% | 32.6% | 34.8% | 21.7% |
Average | 0.6% | 2.8% | 33% | 37.4% | 26.1% | |
Higher than average | 0.0% | 1% | 37.9% | 33% | 28.2% | |
Q25 | Below average | 10.9% | 8.7% | 45.7% | 19.6% | 15.2% |
Average | 3.1% | 2.5% | 44.7% | 32.4% | 17.3% | |
Higher than average | 1% | 1.9% | 39.8% | 36.9% | 20.4% | |
Q30 | Below average | 15.2% | 10.9% | 21.7% | 23.9% | 28.3% |
Average | 4.7% | 10.7% | 31.1% | 25.2% | 28.3% | |
Higher than average | 8.7% | 15.5% | 36.9% | 25.2% | 13.6% | |
Q31 | Below average | 2.2% | 0.0% | 8.7% | 28.3% | 60.9% |
Average | 0.6% | 3.5% | 21.4% | 34.9% | 39.6% | |
Higher than average | 1.9% | 3.9% | 28.2% | 33% | 33% |
Question Number | Question | Correlation Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Q14. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your quantity and portions of meals and snacks changed? | |||
Q10 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your weight changed? | 0.50 | <0.0001 |
Q13 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your habit of snacking between meals changed? | 0.71 | <0.0001 |
Q18 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of fried food changed? | 0.48 | <0.0001 |
Q22 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food when you are bored, stressed, or upset changed? | 0.48 | <0.0001 |
Q16. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of a balanced diet (including healthy ingredients such as whole wheat, pulses, legumes, eggs, nuts, fruits, and vegetables) changed? | |||
Q15 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your daily intake of fruits and vegetables changed? | 0.58 | <0.0001 |
Q18. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of fried food changed? | |||
Q17 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of junk food and fast food changed? | 0.58 | <0.0001 |
Q19 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated soft drinks and sugar-sweetened juices) changed? | 0.51 | <0.0001 |
Q22 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food when you are bored, stressed, or upset changed? | 0.51 | <0.0001 |
Q20. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of sweets, candies, and chocolate changed? | |||
Q19 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (carbonated soft drinks and sugar-sweetened juices) changed? | 0.56 | <0.0001 |
Q22 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your consumption of unhealthy food when you are bored, stressed, or upset changed? | 0.51 | <0.0001 |
Q25. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has the support of your family and friends in eating healthy changed? | |||
Q24 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your intake of nutrition supplements to boost immunity changed? | 0.49 | <0.0001 |
Q26 | During the COVID-19 pandemic, how has your interest in learning healthy eating tips from the media (newspaper articles, magazines, blogs, videos, T.V. shows, and text messages) changed? | 0.52 | <0.0001 |
Level (Mean ± SD) | Level (Mean ± SD) | Difference 95% CI | Backtransformd Difference 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 (3.56 ± 0.40) | 5 (3.36 ± 0.31) | 0.202 (0.05,0.36) | 1.224 (1.05,1.43) | 0.0041 |
3 (3.53 ± 0.34) | 5 (3.36 ± 0.31) | 0.172 (0.05,0.29) | 1.188 (1.05,1.34) | 0.0008 |
3 (3.53 ± 0.34) | 4 (3.41 ± 0.36) | 0.122 (0.01,0.24) | 1.130 (1.01,1.27) | 0.0406 |
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Hammouri, H.; Almomani, F.; Abdel Muhsen, R.; Abughazzi, A.; Daghmash, R.; Abudayah, A.; Hasan, I.; Alzein, E. Lifestyle Variations during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Diet, Physical Activities, and Weight Gain among the Jordanian Adult Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031346
Hammouri H, Almomani F, Abdel Muhsen R, Abughazzi A, Daghmash R, Abudayah A, Hasan I, Alzein E. Lifestyle Variations during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Diet, Physical Activities, and Weight Gain among the Jordanian Adult Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031346
Chicago/Turabian StyleHammouri, Hanan, Fidaa Almomani, Ruwa Abdel Muhsen, Aysha Abughazzi, Rawand Daghmash, Alaa Abudayah, Inas Hasan, and Eva Alzein. 2022. "Lifestyle Variations during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Diet, Physical Activities, and Weight Gain among the Jordanian Adult Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031346