A Non-Randomized Pilot Study on the Benefits of Baby Swimming on Motor Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment of Motor Ability
3. Results
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wellsby, M.; Pexman, P.M. Developing embodied cognition: Insights from children’s concepts and language processing. Front. Psychol. 2014, 5, 506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brunel, L.; Labeye, E.; Lesourd, M.; Versace, R. The sensory nature of episodic memory: Sensory priming effects due to memory trace activation. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 2009, 35, 1081–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brunel, L.; Carvalho, P.F.; Goldstone, R.L. It does belong together: Cross-modal correspondences influence cross-modal integration during perceptual learning. Front. Psychol. 2015, 6, 358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Heineman, K.R.; Schendelaar, P.; Van den Heuvel, E.R.; Hadders-Algra, M. Motor development in infancy is related to cognitive function at 4 years of age. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2018, 60, 1149–1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Loeffler, J.; Raab, M.; Cañal-Bruland, R. A Lifespan Perspective on Embodied Cognition. Front. Psychol. 2016, 7, 845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vallet, G.T.; Brunel, L.; Riou, B.; Vermeulen, N. Editorial: Dynamics of Sensorimotor Interactions in Embodied Cognition. Front. Psychol. 2016, 6, 1929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lagerspetz, K.; Nygård, M.; Strandvik, C. The effects of training in crawling on the motor and mental development of infants. Scand. J. Psychol. 1971, 12, 192–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zelazo, P.R.; Zelazo, N.A.; Kolb, S. Walking’ in the newborn. Science 1972, 176, 314–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGraw, M.B. Swimming behavior in the human infant. J. Pediatr. 1939, 15, 485–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muslihatun, W.N.; Santi, M.Y. Hubungan Frekuensi Baby Spa Dengan Perkembangan Bayi Usia 4-6 Bulan. J. Kebidanan Keperawatan UNIPA 2015, 11, 41–50. [Google Scholar]
- Handayani, S.; Mallongi, A. Effectiveness of Baby Spa and Music Therapy on Growth and Development of Baby. Med.-Leg. Update 2020, 20, 811–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewi, Q.S.; Trisnasari, A. Hubungan Frekuensi Baby Spa Dengan Perkembangan Bayi Usia 4-6 Bulan. J. Kebidanan Keperawatan UNIPA 2015, 11, 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Zelazo, P.R.; Weiss, M.J. Infant swimming behaviors: Cognitive control and the influence of experience. J. Cogn. Dev. 2006, 7, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nissim, M.; Ram-Tsur, R.; Zion, M.; Mevarech, Z.; Ben-Soussan, T.D. Effects of Aquatic Motor Activities on Early Childhood Cognitive and Motor Development. Open J. Soc. Sci. 2014, 2, 24–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sigmundsson, H.; Hopkins, B. Baby swimming: Exploring the effects of early intervention on subsequent motor abilities. Child Care Health Dev. 2009, 36, 428–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dias, J.A.B.d.S.; Manoel, E.d.J.; Dias, R.B.d.M.; Okazaki, V.H. Pilot study on infant swimming classes and early motor development. Percept. Mot. Skills 2013, 117, 950–955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Biancotto, M.; Girelli, L.; Maggiore, P.; Pelamatti, G.M.; Rossi, G.; Simonelli, A.; Zoia, S. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd ed.; Hogrefe: Firenze, Italy, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Rihatno, T.; Nuraini, S.; Yufiarti, Y.; Sitorus, A.S. Activities Swimming and Motor Ability Children Ages Early. In Proceedings of the Sriwijaya University Learning and Education International Conference, Palembang, Indonesia, 17–18 October 2018; Volume 3, pp. 291–295. [Google Scholar]
- Wayan, N.N.; Fitria. The impact of baby spa on the growth and development of infants aged 3–6 months at Puskesmas I Denpasar Selatan. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2018, 6, 2601–2605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sigmundsson, H. Specificity of learning, skill development and baby swimming in Iceland. J. Phys. Educ. Sport 2021, 21, 549–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aditya, N. Yogyakarta: Growth and development of infant since early age. In Handbook for New Mom; Stiletto Book: Jogjakarta, Indonesia, 2014; pp. 44–45. [Google Scholar]
- Surtinah, N.; Suharto, A. Benefits of Massage for Infants Aged 3 to 5 Months. Health Notions 2018, 2, 505–507. [Google Scholar]
- Becker, B.E. Aquatic Therapy: Scientific Foundations and Clinical Rehabilitation Applications. AAPM&R 2009, 1, 859–872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devereux, K.; Robertson, D.; Briffa, N.K. Effects of a Water-Based Program on Women 65 Years and over: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Physiother. 2005, 51, 102–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ram-Tsur, R.; Nissim, M.; Zion, M.; Dotan Ben-Soussan, T.; Mevarech, Z.A. Language Development: The Effect of Aquatic and On-Land Motor Interventions. Creat. Educ. 2013, 4, 41–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yahya, N. Baby and Child Spa; Metagraf: Solo, Indonesia, 2011; pp. 45–49. [Google Scholar]
- LeBarton, E.S.; Iverson, J.M. Fine motor skill predicts expressive language in infant siblings of children with autism. Dev. Sci. 2013, 16, 815–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Walle, E.A.; Campos, J.J. Infant language development is related to the acquisition of walking. Dev. Psychol. 2014, 50, 336–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, M.V.; Lekhal, R.; Aaro, L.E.; Schjolberg, S. Co-occurring development of early childhood communication and motor skills: Results from a population-based longitudinal study. Child Care Health Dev. 2014, 40, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, M.; Walle, E.A.; Campos, J.J. A cross-national investigation of the relationship between infant walking and language development. Infancy 2015, 20, 283–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Libertus, K.; Violi, D.A. Sit to Talk: Relation between Motor Skills and Language Development in Infancy. Front. Psychol. 2016, 7, 475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iverson, J.M. Developing language in a developing body: The relationship between motor development and language development. J. Child Lang. 2010, 37, 229–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oudgenoeg-Paz, O.; Volman, M.C.; Leseman, P.P. Attainment of sitting and walking predicts development of productive vocabulary between ages 16 and 28 months. Infant Behav. Dev. 2012, 35, 733–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schoentgen, B.; Gagliardi, G.; Défontaines, B. Environmental and Cognitive Enrichment in Childhood as Protective Factors in the Adult and Aging Brain. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hochberg, Z.E.; Feil, R.; Constancia, M.; Fraga, M.; Junien, C.; Carel, J.C.; Boileau, P.; le Bouc, Y.; Deal, C.L.; Lillycrop, K.; et al. Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming. Endocr. Rev. 2010, 32, 159–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murgatroyd, C.; Spengler, D. Epigenetics of early child development. Front. Psychiatry 2011, 2, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lancaster, G.A.; Thabane, L. Guidelines for reporting non-randomised pilot and feasibility studies. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2019, 5, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | M (SD) | Range | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Reflexes | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.61 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.60 ** | 9.5 (1.6) | 6–13 |
2. Stationary position | 0.56 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.12 | 0.76 ** | 0.47 * | 0.66 ** | 11.3 (1.2) | 9–13 | |
3. Locomotion | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.74 ** | 0.40 * | 0.59 ** | 10.3 (1.5) | 7–14 | ||
4. Grasping | 0.19 | 0.55 ** | 0.73 ** | 0.60 ** | 10.9 (1.5) | 6–13 | |||
5. Visual-motor integration | 0.21 | 0.80 ** | 0.48 ** | 9.7 (1.8) | 7–13 | ||||
6. QGM | 0.51 | 0.85 ** | 103 (6.9) | 89–114 | |||||
7. QFM | 0.73 ** | 100 (6.7) | 88–112 | ||||||
8. QMT | 1 | 101 (7.4) | 85–115 |
Variables | Experimental Group (N = 14) | Control Group (N = 14) | t-Test Independent Sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | t (df) | p | |
1. Reflexes | 8–13 | 10.2 (1.6) | 6–11 | 8.8 (1.4) | −2.2 (24) | 0.03 |
2.Stationary position | 10–13 | 11.6 (0.93) | 9–13 | 11 (1.4) | −1.3 (25) | 0.18 |
3. Locomotion | 9–14 | 10.3 (1.5) | 7–13 | 10.3 (1.6) | −0.08 (25) | 0.93 |
4. Grasping | 10–13 | 11.8 (0.86) | 6–12 | 10 (1.5) | −3.8 (26) | 0.001 |
5.Visual-motor integration | 7–13 | 10.2 (1.6) | 6–13 | 9.2 (1.9) | −1.5 (26) | 0.14 |
6. QGM | 93–114 | 105 (6.1) | 89–114 | 102 (7.5) | −1.2 (24) | 0.23 |
7. QFM | 94–113 | 104.5 (5) | 88–107 | 97 (6.2) | −3.4 (26) | 0.002 |
8. QMT | 96–115 | 105 (5.2) | 85–112 | 98.4 (8.2) | −2.4 (24) | 0.02 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Leo, I.; Leone, S.; Dicataldo, R.; Vivenzio, C.; Cavallin, N.; Taglioni, C.; Roch, M. A Non-Randomized Pilot Study on the Benefits of Baby Swimming on Motor Development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159262
Leo I, Leone S, Dicataldo R, Vivenzio C, Cavallin N, Taglioni C, Roch M. A Non-Randomized Pilot Study on the Benefits of Baby Swimming on Motor Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159262
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeo, Irene, Silvia Leone, Raffaele Dicataldo, Chiara Vivenzio, Nada Cavallin, Chiara Taglioni, and Maja Roch. 2022. "A Non-Randomized Pilot Study on the Benefits of Baby Swimming on Motor Development" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159262