Prevalence of Prehypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Profiles among Adults in Peru: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source, Design and Study Population
2.2. Measurements and Variables
2.2.1. Measurements
2.2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Absolute Frequency (n = 863) | % * |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Women | 500 | 58.2 |
Men | 340 | 41.8 |
Age group (years) | ||
18–29 | 247 | 29.9 |
30–39 | 225 | 25.5 |
40–49 | 208 | 24.1 |
50–59 | 183 | 20.5 |
Age in years, mean (SE) | 37.9 (0.4) | |
Fasting blood glucose in mg/dL, mean (SE) | 106.7 (1.0) | |
HDL colesterol in mg/dL, mean (SE) | 36.9 (0.5) | |
Triglycerides in mg/dL, mean (SE) | 154.8 (4.0) | |
Waist circunference (cm), mean (SE) | 91.6 (0.5) | |
Smoker | ||
No | 756 | 86.4 |
Yes | 107 | 13.6 |
Level of physical activity | ||
Moderate/High | 362 | 38.9 |
Low | 501 | 61.1 |
Educational level | ||
Up to primary | 200 | 17.3 |
Secondary | 360 | 40.3 |
Higher education | 303 | 42.5 |
Poverty | ||
Non-poor | 719 | 85.7 |
Poor | 144 | 14.3 |
Health insurance | ||
No | 202 | 24.9 |
Yes | 661 | 75.1 |
Area of residence | ||
Rural | 282 | 19.6 |
Urban | 580 | 80.4 |
Altitude of residence (in meters) | ||
0–499 | 602 | 73.6 |
500–1499 | 73 | 6.1 |
1500 or more | 188 | 20.3 |
Normotension | Prehypertension | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Women | Men | All | Women | Men | |||
Characteristics | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | p Value | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | p Value |
Overall | 78.9 (75.8–81.7) | 85.6 (81.9–88.7) | 69.5 (63.9–74.7) | 21.1 (18.3–24.2) | 14.4 (11.3–18.1) | 30.5 (25.3–36.1) | ||
Age group (years) | ||||||||
18–29 | 33.6 (29.2–38.2) | 29.6 (24.6–35.1) | 40.4 (33.3–47.9) | 0.032 | 16.2 (11.3–22.8) | 10.9 (5.5–20.6) | 19.7 (12.7–29.2) | 0.095 |
30–39 | 25.8 (21.9–30.1) | 26.3 (21.7–31.6) | 24.8 (19.0–31.6) | 24.5 (18.2–32.0) | 17.6 (10.1–29.1) | 28.9 (20.4–39.3) | ||
40–49 | 23.7 (20.1–27.8) | 27.1 (22.3–32.4) | 18.0 (13.3–24.0) | 25.7 (19.3–33.5) | 29.9 (19.5–42.9) | 23.0 (15.4–32.8) | ||
50–59 | 16.9 (13.8–20.6) | 17.0 (13.4–21.4) | 16.8 (12.1–22.8) | 33.6 (26.9–41.0) | 41.5 (30.4–53.6) | 28.4 (20.3–38.2) | ||
Fasting blood glucose in mg/dL | ||||||||
<110 | 65.1 (60.3–69.6) | 66.0 (60.2–71.4) | 63.5 (56.0–70.4) | 0.568 | 64.3 (56.1–71.7) | 62.0 (49.7–72.9) | 65.8 (55.5–74.8) | 0.606 |
≥110 | 34.9 (30.4–39.7) | 34.0 (28.6–39.8) | 36.5 (29.6–44.0) | 35.7 (28.3–43.9) | 38.0 (27.1–50.3) | 34.2 (25.2–44.5) | ||
Low HDL cholesterol | ||||||||
No | 22.1 (18.5–26.2) | 16.4 (12.1–21.8) | 31.9 (26.1–38.4) | <0.001 | 20.3 (14.6–27.4) | 10.3 (4.7–21.0) | 26.8 (18.7–36.9) | 0.015 |
Yes | 77.9 (73.8–81.5) | 83.6 (78.2–87.9) | 68.1 (61.6–73.9) | 79.7 (72.6–85.4) | 89.7 (79.0–95.3) | 73.2 (63.1–81.3) | ||
Triglycerides in mg/dL | ||||||||
<150 | 64.8 (60.4–68.9) | 68.0 (62.3–73.2) | 59.3 (51.9–66.2) | 0.061 | 42.6 (34.9–50.6) | 47.7 (35.5–60.1) | 39.3 (29.7–49.7) | 0.299 |
≥150 | 35.2 (31.1–39.6) | 32.0 (26.8–37.7) | 40.7 (33.8–48.1) | 57.4 (49.4–65.1) | 52.3 (39.9–64.5) | 60.7 (50.3–70.3) | ||
Abdominal obesity | ||||||||
No | 62.0 (57.6–66.3) | 47.0 (41.4–52.8) | 87.8 (81.5–92.2) | <0.001 | 48.2 (39.8–56.7) | 17.5 (10.2–28.5) | 68.4 (57.1–77.9) | <0.001 |
Yes | 38.0 (33.7–42.4) | 53.0 (47.2–58.6) | 12.2 (7.8–18.5) | 51.8 (43.3–60.2) | 82.5 (71.5–89.8) | 31.6 (22.1–42.9) | ||
Smoker | ||||||||
No | 87.5 (84.0–90.3) | 94.1 (90.8–96.3) | 76.2 (69.1–82.1) | <0.001 | 82.2 (74.2–88.1) | 87.9 (77.8–93.8) | 78.4 (67.4–86.4) | 0.111 |
Yes | 12.5 (9.7–16.0) | 5.9 (3.7–9.2) | 23.8 (17.9–30.9) | 17.8 (11.9–25.8) | 12.1 (6.2–22.2) | 21.6 (13.6–32.6) | ||
Level of physical activity | ||||||||
Moderate/High | 38.5 (34.1–43.2) | 36.1 (30.8–41.8) | 42.7 (36.1–49.6) | 0.119 | 40.0 (32.8–47.6) | 31.1 (21.4–42.7) | 45.9 (35.8–56.2) | 0.060 |
Low | 61.5 (56.8–65.9) | 63.9 (58.2–69.2) | 57.3 (50.4–63.9) | 60.0 (52.4–67.2) | 68.9 (57.3–78.6) | 54.1 (43.8–64.2) |
Characteristics | Overall | Women | Men | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude Model | Adjusted Model * | Crude Model | Adjusted Model * | Crude Model | Adjusted Model * | |||||||
PR (95% CI) | p Value | PR (95% CI) | p Value | PR (95% CI) | p Value | PR (95% CI) | p Value | PR (95% CI) | p Value | PR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Women | Ref. | |||||||||||
Men | 2.12 (1.57–2.87) | <0.001 | 2.86 (2.04–4.00) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
18–29 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
30–39 | 1.77 (1.06–2.94) | 0.029 | 1.30 (0.78–2.17) | 0.310 | 1.73 (0.69–4.37) | 0.245 | 1.29 (0.50–3.32) | 0.603 | 1.92 (1.10–3.35) | 0.022 | 1.37 (0.76–2.48) | 0.293 |
40–49 | 1.96 (1.22–3.17) | 0.006 | 1.44 (0.90–2.29) | 0.126 | 2.68 (1.16–6.18) | 0.021 | 1.57 (0.70–3.55) | 0.276 | 2.04 (1.16–3.57) | 0.013 | 1.36 (0.77–2.41) | 0.294 |
50–59 | 3.03 (1.92–4.78) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.27–3.35) | 0.003 | 4.97 (2.31–10.68) | <0.001 | 2.90 (1.38–6.07) | 0.005 | 2.42 (1.39–4.21) | 0.002 | 1.73 (0.96–3.12) | 0.068 |
Fasting blood glucose in mg/dL | ||||||||||||
<110 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
≥110 | 1.03 (0.76–1.38) | 0.853 | 1.00 (0.74–1.33) | 0.975 | 1.16 (0.73–1.86) | 0.529 | 1.12 (0.72–1.75) | 0.614 | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 0.710 | 0.87 (0.62–1.24) | 0.452 |
Low HDL colesterol | ||||||||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
Yes | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 0.626 | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | 0.897 | 1.60 (0.70–3.66) | 0.262 | 1.45 (0.63–3.36) | 0.385 | 1.19 (0.82–1.74) | 0.363 | 0.94 (0.64–1.39) | 0.754 |
Triglycerides in mg/dL | ||||||||||||
<150 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
≥150 | 2.03 (1.50–2.75) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | 0.036 | 2.04 (1.27–3.30) | 0.003 | 1.25 (0.78–2.02) | 0.355 | 1.76 (1.21–2.55) | 0.003 | 1.44 (0.99–2.1) | 0.057 |
Abdominal obesity | ||||||||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
Yes | 1.55 (1.13–2.14) | 0.007 | 2.01 (1.48–2.73) | <0.001 | 3.52 (1.93–6.41) | <0.001 | 2.65 (1.40–5.02) | 0.003 | 2.09 (1.45–3.02) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.18–2.57) | 0.006 |
Smoker | ||||||||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
Yes | 1.38 (0.92–2.05) | 0.115 | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | 0.618 | 1.89 (0.97–3.68) | 0.061 | 3.21 (1.68–6.15) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.57–1.46) | 0.711 | 0.91 (0.58–1.44) | 0.694 |
Level of physical activity | ||||||||||||
Moderate/High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||
Low | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.738 | 1.00 (0.75–1.31) | 0.975 | 1.22 (0.75–1.97) | 0.424 | 1.23 (0.74–2.05) | 0.430 | 0.91 (0.65–1.29) | 0.612 | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.599 |
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Hernández-Vásquez, A.; Vargas-Fernández, R. Prevalence of Prehypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Profiles among Adults in Peru: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137867
Hernández-Vásquez A, Vargas-Fernández R. Prevalence of Prehypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Profiles among Adults in Peru: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137867
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Vásquez, Akram, and Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández. 2022. "Prevalence of Prehypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Profiles among Adults in Peru: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137867