Anxiety towards COVID-19, Fear of Negative Appearance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Their Relationship with Well-Being during the Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study between Indonesia and Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Instruments and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Outcome Variable: Well-Being during the Pandemic
2.2.2. Predictors and Mediators
Anxiety towards COVID-19
Fear of Negative Appearance
Eating Disorders
Compulsive Exercise
Sociodemographic Characteristics as Covariates
2.3. Analytical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Analysis of Measurement Model
3.3. Analysis of Structural Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Path | Indonesia | Poland | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | p-Value | β | B (SE) | p-Value | β | |
AC → CE | 0.48 (0.14) | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.47 | 0.03 |
AC → ED | 1.79 (0.67) | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.82 (0.24) | 0.00 | 0.14 |
AC → WB | −0.04 (0.07) | 0.59 | −0.05 | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.23 | −0.05 |
FNA → CE | −0.14 (0.08) | 0.08 | −0.15 | 0.21 (0.18) | 0.00 | 0.15 |
FNA → ED | 1.42 (0.41) | 0.00 | 0.38 | 2.42 (0.18) | 0.00 | 0.58 |
FNA → WB | −0.19 (0.05) | 0.00 | −0.40 | −0.19 (0.03) | 0.00 | −0.31 |
CE → WB | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.15 (0.02) | 0.00 | 0.36 |
ED → WB | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.15 | −0.18 | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.17 | −0.09 |
CE ↔ ED | 2.80 (1.32) | 0.03 | 0.26 | 5.89 (0.87) | 0.00 | 0.36 |
Age → WB | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.23 | 0.05 |
Education → WB | 0.02 (0.15) | 0.89 | 0.02 | 0.27 (0.05) | 0.00 | 0.25 |
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Variable | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Effect Size (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 23.77 (32.39) | 7.73 (11.38) | 18 (18) | 64 (74) | 0.89 |
Education | 3.44 (4.07) | 0.80 (1.03) | 2 (1) | 6 (6) | 0.68 |
Well-being 1 | |||||
Acceptance | 12.60 (13.63) | 2.17 (2.13) | 7.00 (4.00) | 18.00 (18.00) | 0.48 |
Environmental mastery | 14.13 (14.10) | 2.01 (1.92) | 9.00 (7.00) | 18.00 (18.00) | 0.01 |
Positive relations | 11.31 (14.03) | 2.59 (2.24) | 4.00 (3.00) | 17.00 (18.00) | 1.12 |
Purpose in life | 11.10 (13.32) | 2.26 (2.18) | 6.00 (4.00) | 17.00 (18.00) | 1.00 |
Personal growth | 8.34 (8.93) | 1.59 (1.61) | 5.00 (6.00) | 18.00 (18.00) | 0.37 |
Autonomy | 14.53 (14.46) | 2.08 (2.07) | 7.00 (5.00) | 18.00 (18.00) | 0.03 |
Anxiety towards COVID-19 1 | |||||
Indicator 1 | 2.94 (3.28) | 1.61 (1.76) | 2.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (10.00) | 0.20 |
Indicator 2 | 2.55 (3.04) | 1.23 (1.51) | 2.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (10.00) | 0.20 |
Indicator 3 | 1.21 (1.24) | 0.56 (0.63) | 1.00 (1.00) | 5.00 (5.00) | 0.05 |
Fear of negative appearance 1 | |||||
Indicator 1 | 6.64 (5.40) | 2.40 (2.13) | 2.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (10.00) | −0.55 |
Indicator 2 | 6.01 (5.12) | 2.54 (2.24) | 2.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (10.00) | −0.37 |
Indicator 3 | 5.94 (4.96) | 2.35 (2.34) | 2.00 (2.00) | 10.00 (10.00) | −0.42 |
Eating disorders 1 | |||||
Dieting | 57.63 (56.29) | 12.18 (9.98) | 20.00 (23.00) | 77.00 (78.00) | −0.12 |
Bulimia and food preoccupation | 29.54 (31.01) | 4.54 (3.90) | 12.00 (9.00) | 36.00 (36.00) | 0.35 |
Oral and control behavior | 30.97 (33.43) | 5.31 (5.04) | 15.00 (15.00) | 42.00 (42.00) | 0.48 |
Compulsive exercise 1 | |||||
Emotional element of exercise | 6.47 (7.74) | 2.15 (2.70) | 4.00 (4.00) | 14.00 (16.00) | 0.52 |
Exercise frequency and intensity | 7.70 (9.46) | 2.32 (3.04) | 4.00 (4.00) | 15.00 (16.00) | 0.65 |
Exercise preoccupation | 3.38 (3.73) | 1.31 (1.43) | 2.00 (2.00) | 8.00 (8.00) | 0.26 |
Indicator 4 | 5.19 (7.13) | 1.57 (2.36) | 3.00 (3.00) | 11.00 (11.00) | 0.97 |
Indicator 5 | 9.01 (10.85) | 2.42 (2.51) | 5.00 (5.00) | 17.00 (20.00) | 0.75 |
Indicator 6 | 4.54 (4.58) | 1.35 (1.30) | 2.00 (2.00) | 8.00 (8.00) | 0.03 |
Variable | Factor Loadings |
---|---|
Well-being 1 | |
Acceptance | 0.67 (0.74) |
Environmental mastery | 0.21 (0.64) |
Positive relations | 0.56 (0.47) |
Purpose in life | 0.72 (0.77) |
Personal growth | 0.63 (0.70) |
Autonomy | 0.42 (0.61) |
Anxiety towards COVID-19 1 | |
Indicator 1 | 0.71 (0.74) |
Indicator 2 | 0.91 (0.96) |
Indicator 3 | 0.86 (0.72) |
Fear of negative appearance 1 | |
Indicator 1 | 0.83 (0.89) |
Indicator 2 | 0.91 (0.95) |
Indicator 3 | 0.89 (0.94) |
Eating disorders 1 | |
Dieting | 0.55 (0.76) |
Bulimia and food preoccupation | 0.80 (0.78) |
Oral and control behavior | 0.27 (0.48) |
Compulsive exercise 1 | |
Emotional element of exercise | 0.75 (0.69) |
Exercise frequency and intensity | 0.76 (0.87) |
Exercise preoccupation | 0.36 (0.65) |
Indicator 4 | 0.75 (0.82) |
Indicator 5 | 0.79 (0.80) |
Indicator 6 | 0.29 (−0.16) |
Path | Indonesia | Poland | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Indirect Effect | Total Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | |
AC → CE → WB | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.03 |
AC → ED → WB | −0.04 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.05 |
FNA → CE → WB | −2.96 | −3.15 | 0.03 ** | −0.15 ** |
FNA → ED → WB | −0.03 | −0.22 ** | −0.03 | −0.22 ** |
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Novita, S.; Andriani, D.; Erika; Lipowski, M.; Lipowska, M. Anxiety towards COVID-19, Fear of Negative Appearance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Their Relationship with Well-Being during the Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study between Indonesia and Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127525
Novita S, Andriani D, Erika, Lipowski M, Lipowska M. Anxiety towards COVID-19, Fear of Negative Appearance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Their Relationship with Well-Being during the Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study between Indonesia and Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127525
Chicago/Turabian StyleNovita, Shally, Dhini Andriani, Erika, Mariusz Lipowski, and Małgorzata Lipowska. 2022. "Anxiety towards COVID-19, Fear of Negative Appearance, Healthy Lifestyle, and Their Relationship with Well-Being during the Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Study between Indonesia and Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127525