Psychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents: More Than Three Decades Later
Abstract
:1. Depression in Adolescence: A Public Health Problem
2. Psychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents
2.1. Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
2.1.1. Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Alone
2.1.2. Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy Plus Medication
2.2. Interpersonal Therapy
2.3. Family Therapy
2.4. Psychoanalytic Therapy
3. Status of Psychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents
3.1. Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
3.2. Interpersonal Therapy
3.3. Family Therapy
3.4. Psychoanalytic Therapy
4. Looking to the Future with Hope
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods criteria M.1. Group design: Study involved a randomized controlled design; M.2. Independent variable defined: Treatment manuals or logical equivalent were used for the treatment; M.3. Population clarified: Conducted with a population, treated for specified problems, for whom inclusion criteria were clearly delineated; M.4. Outcomes assessed: Reliable and valid outcome assessment measures gauging the problems targeted (at a minimum) were used; M.5. Analysis adequacy: Appropriate data analyses were used, and sample size was sufficient to detect expected effects. |
Evidence criteria Level 1: Well-Established Treatments 1.1. Efficacy demonstrated for the treatment by showing the treatment to be either: 1.1.a. Statistically significantly superior to pill or psychological placebo or to another active treatment; OR 1.1.b. Equivalent (or not significantly different) to an already well-established treatment in experiments; AND 1.1.c. In at least two (2) independent research settings and by two (2) independent investigatory teams demonstrating efficacy; AND 1.2. All five (5) of the Methods criteria. Level 2: Probably Efficacious Treatments 2.1. There must be at least two good experiments showing that the treatment is superior (statistically significantly so) to a wait-list control group; OR 2.2. One (or more) experiments meeting the Well-Established Treatment level except for criterion 1.1.c. (i.e., Level 2 treatments will not involve independent investigatory teams); AND 2.3. All five (5) of the Methods criteria. Level 3: Possibly Efficacious Treatments 3.1. At least one good randomized controlled trial showing the treatment to be superior to a wait list or no-treatment control group; AND 3.2. All five (5) of the Methods criteria. OR 3.3. Two or more clinical studies showing the treatment to be efficacious, with two or more meeting the last four (of five) Methods criteria, but none being randomized controlled trials. |
Level 4: Experimental Treatments 4.1. Not yet tested in a randomized controlled trial; OR 4.2. Tested in one or more clinical studies but not sufficient to meet level 3 criteria. |
Level 5: Treatments of Questionable Efficacy 5.1. Tested in good group-design experiments and found to be inferior to other treatment group and/or wait-list control group, i.e., only evidence available from experimental studies suggests the treatment produces no beneficial effect. |
Year | Author(s) | Treatment Condition(s) | Reason(s) for Exclusion |
---|---|---|---|
1986 | Reynolds and Coats [13] | CBT Pleasant Activities + Cognitive Techniques CBT Progressive Relaxation WL | Indicated prevention: BDI ≥ 12, RADS ≥ 72, BID ≥ 20 (two adolescents BID = 18) |
1990 | Kahn et al. [18] | CBT CWD-A CBT Progressive Relaxation CBT Self–Modeling WL | Indicated prevention: BID ≥ 20 |
1991 | Fine et al. [19] | CBT Social Skills ST Therapeutic and Mutual Support | No random assignment in the strictest sense |
1994 | Lewinsohn et al. [20] | CBT CWD-A Parents and Adolescents CBT CWD-A Adolescents WL | Not published in a peer-reviewed journal |
1994 | Mufson et al. [21] | IPT for Adolescents | Open clinical trial |
1994 | Reed [22] | CBT Structured Learning Therapy Attention-Placebo | Only holistic clinical judgments of improvement were used as outcome assessment measure |
1995 | Clarke et al. [23] | CBT Adolescent Coping with Stress Course TAU | Indicated prevention: CES-D ≥ 24 |
1996 | Kroll et al. [24] | CBT Continuation Therapy | Historical Control Condition |
1996 | Lewinsohn et al. [25] | CBT CWD-A Parents and Adolescents CBT CWD-A Adolescents WL | The same trial as Lewinsohn et al. [20] (This trial was excluded from the count of studies) |
1997 | Feehan and Vostanis [26] | CBT Placebo | The same trial as Vostanis et al. [95] |
1998 | Ackerson et al. [27] | CBT Book “Feeling Good” Delayed-Treatment Condition | Indicated prevention: CDI ≥ 10, HRSD ≥ 10 |
2001 | Clarke et al. [28] | CBT Adolescent Coping with Stress Course TAU | Selective prevention: Adolescent offspring of depressed parents |
2001 | Santor and Kusumakar [29] | IPT for Adolescents | Open clinical trial |
2003 | Puskar et al. [30] | CBT Teaching Kids to Cope TAU | Indicated prevention: RADS > 60 |
2003 | Roberts et al. [31] | CBT PRP Usual Health Education | Preadolescents: M age = 11.9, range: 11–13. Indicated prevention: CDI = 10 (mean) |
2004 | Kerfoot et al. [32] | CBT brief TAU | Indicated prevention: MFQ ≥ 23 |
2004 | Szigethy et al. [33] | CBT PASCET-Physical Illness | Open trial |
2005 | Asarnow et al. [34] | CBT Quality Improvement Intervention and/or Medication TAU | 57.4% no diagnosis of depression (depressive symptoms) |
2005 | Jeong et al. [35] | Dance Movement Therapy WL | Indicated prevention: High depression score (Beckman Depression Inventory) |
2005 | Kowalenko et al. [36] | CBT Adolescents Coping with Emotions WL | Indicated prevention: CDI ≥ 18 Trial was randomized at the school level |
2006 | Sanford et al. [37] | FT Psychoeducation + TAU TAU | Diagnosis of depression in the last 6 months 28.9% no depression diagnosis at baseline |
2006 | Sheffield et al. [38] | CBT Universal Intervention CBT Indicated Intervention CBT Universal + Indicated Intervention No Intervention Condition | Universal and/or indicated prevention |
2006 | Young et al. [39] | IPT Adolescent Skills Training School Counseling | Indicated prevention: 16 ≤ CES-D ≤ 39 75.6% no depression diagnosis |
2007 | Bolton et al. [40] | IPT Group Creative Play Intervention WL | Indicated prevention: APAI ≥ 32 Adolescents with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems |
2007 | Riggs et al. [41] | CBT + Placebo Fluoxetine + Placebo | Adolescents with a primary diagnosis of substance use disorder |
2007 | Szigethy et al. [42] | CBT PASCET-Physical Illness TAU | Indicated prevention: CDI ≥ 9 |
2007 | Trowell et al. [43] | PT Focused Individual Psychodynamic Therapy FT Systems Integrative Familiar Therapy | Preadolescents: M age = 11.7 |
2008 | Bahar et al. [44] | Problem-Based Group Therapy Occupational Therapy | Semi-experimental study. Selective prevention: Students, six months after an earthquake |
2008 | Connell and Dishion [45] | FT Adolescent Transitions Program School-As-Usual Control | Selective prevention |
2008 | Rosselló et al. [46] | CBT Individual CBT Group IPT Individual IPT Group | 34% no diagnosis of depression (CDI ≥ 13) |
2008 | Stice et al. [47] | CBT Brief Adolescent Coping with Stress Course CBT Book “Feeling Good” Group Supportive–Expressive Intervention Assessment–Only Control Condition | MDD excluded (depressive symptoms) |
2009 | Garber et al. [48] | CBT TAU | Indicated and selective prevention: Adolescents with depressive symptoms, offspring of depressed parents |
2009 | O’Kearny et al. [49] | CBT MoodGYM Internet Program Usual curriculum | Universal prevention: All year 10 girls attending a single sex school |
2009 | Weisz et al. [50] | CBT PASCET TAU | Preadolescents: M age = 11.8, range: 8–15 |
2010 | Diamond et al. [51] | FT Attachment-Based Family Therapy TAU Enhanced | Heterogeneous sample: 39.4% MDE, 7.6% Dd, 66.7%% AD, 57.6% ED |
2010 | Dobson et al. [52] | CBT Adolescent Coping with Stress Course Attention-Placebo “Let’s Talk” | MDD or Dd excluded (depressive symptoms) |
2010 | Young et al. [53] | IPT Adolescent Skills Training School counseling | Indicated prevention: 16 ≤ CESMD ≤ 39 82.5% no depression diagnosis |
2011 | Hayes et al. [54] | CBT Acceptance and Commitment Therapy TAU | 26.4% no diagnosis of depression (out the clinical range for depression) |
2011 | Stallard et al. [55] | CBT CD-ROM “Think, Feel, Do” WL | Depressive or anxious symptoms |
2012 | Fleming et al. [56] | CBT SPARX Computerized Program WL | Indicated prevention: CDRS-R ≥ 30 |
2012 | Gillham et al. [57] | CBT PRP Parents and Adolescents CBT PRP Adolescents School-As-Usual Control | Indicated prevention: CDI = 11.1 (mean) |
2012 | Kauer et al. [58] | CBT Mobile Phone Self-Monitoring Program Attention-Placebo | Youth: M age > 18, range 14–24 Indicated prevention: KPDS > 16 |
2012 | Merry et al. [59] | CBT SPARX Computerized program TAU | Symptoms of mild to moderate depressive disorder |
2012 | Stallard et al. [60] | CBT Resourceful Adolescent Program Usual School Provision Attention-Placebo | Indicated prevention: SMFQ ≥ 5 |
2013 | Carrion et al. [61] | CBT Behavioral, Cognitive and Insight Techniques WL | Selective prevention: Adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence |
2013 | Horigian et al. [62] | FT Brief Strategic Family Therapy TAU | Selective and indicated prevention |
2013 | Listug-Lunde et al. [63] | CBT CWD-A Culturally Modified Version TAU | Students with depressive symptoms |
2013 | McCarty et al. [64] | CBT Positive Thoughts and Action ST Individual Support Program | Indicated prevention: MFQ ≥ 14 |
2013 | Nöel et al. [65] | CBT “Talk’n’ Time” WL | Selective prevention: Rural preadolescent girls |
2013 | Shirk et al. [66] | CBT Cognitive Restructuring, Relaxation, Behavioral Activation, Interpersonal Problem Solving | Open clinical trial |
2013 | Stikkelbroek et al. [67] | CBT Individual Program “D(o)epression Course” TAU | Project to study effectiveness of CBT for adolescent depression |
2014 | Chen et al. [68] | CBT Program “Children and Disaster: Teaching Recovery Techniques” ST Listening, reflection, and empathy techniques No Intervention Condition | Selective prevention: Adolescents who lost at least one parent in an earthquake |
2014 | Richardson et al. [16] | CBT Reaching Out to Adolescents in Distress and/or Medication TAU | 39.6% no diagnosis of depression (depressive symptoms) |
2014 | Rohde et al. [69] | FT Followed by CBT CBT Followed by FT Coordinated FT and CBT | Selective and indicated prevention: Adolescents with comorbid depressive disorders (54% MDD, 18% Dd) |
2014 | Stasiak et al. [70] | CBT CD-ROM “The Journey” Attention-Placebo: Computerized Psychoeducation | Indicated prevention: CDRS-R ≥ 30, RADS-2 ≥ 76 |
2014 | Wijnhoven et al. [71] | CBT PRP WL | Indicated prevention: CDI ≥ 16 |
2015 | Compas et al. [72] | CBT Family Group Written Information | Selective prevention: Preadolescents (M age = 11.5) of parents with depression |
2015 | Dietz et al. [73] | IPT Family-Based CCT Child-Centered Therapy (Rogerian model) | Preadolescents: M age = 10.8, range: 7–12 |
2015 | Rickhi et al. [74] | Spirituality Informed e-Mental Health Intervention WL | M age > 18, range: 13–24 Inclusion criteria: Suspicion they might be suffering from depression |
2015 | Smith et al. [75] | CBT Stressbusters Computerized Program WL | Indicated prevention: MFQ ≥ 20 |
2016 | Bella-Awusah et al. [76] | CBT WL | Indicated prevention: BDI-II ≥ 18 Trial was randomized at the school level |
2016 | Chu et al. [77] | CBT Transdiagnostic Behavioral Activation WL | Principal diagnosis: 17.1% depression, 82.9% anxiety disorder |
2016 | De Voogd et al. [78] | Active Online Emotional Working Memory Training Placebo Online Emotional Working Memory Training | Symptoms of anxiety and depression |
2016 | Fristad et al. [79] | Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Ω3) Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (PEP) Ω3 + PEP | Preadolescents: M age = 11.6, range: 7–14 |
2016 | Gaete et al. [80] | CBT Normal teaching activities at school | Indicated prevention: BDI-II ≥ 10 (boys), BDI-II ≥ 15 (girls) |
2016 | Goossens et al. [81] | CBT Preventure Program No Intervention Condition | Selective prevention: Adolescents who drink alcohol |
2016 | Ip el al. [82] | CBT Grasp the Opportunity Website Attention control: An Anti-Smoking Website | Indicated prevention: 11 < CES-D < 41 |
2016 | Jacob and de Guzman [83] | CBT Based-Bibliotherapy Intervention No Intervention Condition | Indicated prevention: BDI-II > 14, AADS > 61, KADS-11 > 12 |
2016 | Jacobs et al. [84] | CBT Rumination-Focused Assessment Only Control | Adolescents at risk for depressive relapse |
2016 | McCauley et al. [85] | CBT Behavior Activation EBP-D | Diagnosis of depression or CDRS-R ≥ 45 |
2016 | Poppelaars et al. [86] | CBT PRP (Dutch version: Op Volle Kracht) CBT SPARX Computerized Program CBT PRP + SPARX Monitoring Control Condition | Indicated prevention: RADS-2 ≥ 59 |
2016 | Rice et al. [87] | Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids + CBT Cognitive Behavioral Case Management Paraffin Oil Placebo + CBT Cognitive Behavioral Case Management | Project “The Fish Oil Youth Depression Study (YoDA-F)”. Young: Age range 15–25 |
2016 | Schleider and Weisz [88] | Single-Session Teaching Growth Personality Mindsets ST | Symptoms of anxiety and depression: RCADS-P T-score ≥ 60 |
2016 | Takagaki et al. [89] | CBT Behavioral Activation No Intervention Condition | Indicated prevention: BDI-II ≥ 10 M age = 18.2; range: 18–19 |
2017 | Barry et al. [90] | CBT Group Coaching Intervention No Intervention Condition | Indicated prevention: CES-DC ≥ 15 Not published in a peer-reviewed journal |
2017 | Ehrenreich-May et al. [91] | CBT UP-A WL | Principal diagnosis: 21.6% MDD, 3.9% Dd, 2.9% DD NOS, 41.2% GAD, 31.4% SP |
2017 | Ranney et al. [92] | TBI Motivational Interviewing CBI Motivational Interviewing TAU Enhanced | Indicated (CES-D-10 = 13.2 mean) and selective prevention: Adolescents presenting to Emergency Department at Level 1 |
2017 | Shomaker et al. [93] | CBT Mindfulness: “Learning to BREATHE” CBT Blues Program | Indicated (CES-D ≥ 16) and selective prevention: Adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes |
2017 | Tompson et al. [94] | CBT Family-Focused Treatment for Child Depression ST Individual | Preadolescents: M age = 10.8, range: 7–14 |
2017 | Wright et al. [95] | CBT Stressbusters Computerized Program Attention Control: Accessing Low Mood Self-Help Websites | Indicated prevention: MFQ ≥ 20 |
2018 | Bai et al. [96] | CBT Behavioral Health Intervention TAU Enhanced | 48% no diagnosis of depression (CES-D = 20.1, mean). Adolescents with health risk behaviors |
2018 | Díaz-González et al. [97] | CBT Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction TAU | Adolescents attending Mental Health Services: 11.3% MDD, 21.3% AD, 67.5% Other disorders |
2018 | Högberg and Hällström [98] | CBT Systematised Mood-Regulation TAU | Symptoms of depression tested with SMFQ |
2018 | Jensen-Doss et al. [99] | CBT UP-A + YOQ TAU + YOQ TAU | Adolescents with significant symptoms of anxiety or depression: CSR ≥ 4 |
2018 | Singhal et al. [100] | CBT Coping Skills Program Interactive Psychoeducation | Indicated prevention: 14 ≤ CDI ≤ 24 Trial was randomized at the school level |
2018 | Topooco et al. [101] | CBT Internet-Based Attention-Placebo | 24.3% no diagnosis of depression (depressive symptoms only) |
2019 | Brown et al. [102] | CBT DISCOVER ‘How to Handle Stress” WL | 27.33% depression ‘cases’ 48.7% anxiety ‘cases’ |
2019 | Davey et al. [103] | CBT + Fluoxetine CBT + Pills Placebo | M age = 19.6; range: 15–25 |
2019 | Diamond et al. [104] | FT Attachment-Based ST Nondirective | Indicated prevention: BDI-II > 20 41.2% MDD, 3.9% Dd, 46.9% AD |
2019 | Grupp-Phelan et al. [105] | STAT-ED Motivational Interviewing TAU Enhanced | Selective prevention: Suicidal adolescents (ASQ) |
2019 | Idsoe et al. [106] | CBT Adolescent Coping with Depression Course TAU | Indicated prevention: CES-D ≥ 28 |
2019 | Sánchez-Hernández et al. [107] | CBT Smile Program No Intervention condition | Indicated prevention: CDI > 10 |
2020 | García-Escalera et al. [108] | CBT Internet UP-A WL | Universal prevention |
2020 | Osborn, Rodriguez et al. [109] | SI Single-Session Digital Intervention Digital Study Skills Condition | Universal prevention |
2020 | Osborn, Venturo-Conerly et al. [110] | Shamiri Intervention: Growth-Mindset Module + Gratitude Module + Value Affirmations Module Study Skills Condition | Indicated prevention: PHQ-8 ≥ 28 (depression), GAD-7 ≥ 10 (anxiety) |
2020 | Osborn, Wasil et al. [111] | Shamiri Intervention: Growth-Mindset Module + Gratitude Module + Value Affirmations Module Study Skills Condition | Indicated prevention: 37.3% adolescents reported moderately severe-to-severe depressive symptoms, 92.2% moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms |
Year | Authors | N | Mean Age (Range) | Gender Female | Family Demographics | Ethnicity | Diagnosis | Suicidality | Comorbidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | Lewinsohn et al. [14] | 59 | 16.2 (14–18) | 61% | 40.7% Both parents 52.5% One parent 6.8% Neither parent | 49% MDD 7% mDD 44% IDD | 40% HSA | ||
1996 | Vostanis et al. [112] | 57 | 12.7 (8–17) | 56.1% | 50.9% Both parents 29.8% Single parent 7% Adoptive parents 12.3% Others | 87.7% White 8.8% Asian 3.5% Black | 29.8% MDD 54.4% mDD 15.8 Dd | 45.6% OAD or SAD 19.3% ODD or CD | |
1996 | Wood et al. [113] | 53 (48) a | 14.2 (9–17) | 68.8% | 91.5% MDD 27% EDD | 56% OAD 23% CD | |||
1997 | Brent et al. [114] | 107 | 15.6 (13–18) | 75.7% | 57% Both parents | 83.2 White | 77.6% MDD 22.4% MDD + Dd | 36.4% CSI 23.4% HSA | 31.8% AD 20.6% DBD |
1999 | Clarke et al. [115] | 123 (96) a | 16.2 (14–18) | 70.8% | 43.8% Both parents | 76% MDD 12.5% Dd 11.5% MDD + Dd | 23.6% AD | ||
1999 | Mufson et al. [116] | 48 | 15.8 (12–18) | 70.9% | 68.8% One parent | 70.8% Hispanic | 79% MDD 21% MDD + Dd | 42.5% CSI 27.5% HSA | 88% AD |
1999 | Rosselló and Bernal [117] | 71 | 14.7 (13–18) | 54% | 24% MDD 76% MDD + Dd | ||||
2002 | Clarke et al. [118] | 88 | 15.3 (13–18) | 69.3% | 82.7% Parent female 4.6% Parent minority 77% Parents married 23.3% Parent college graduate 74.7% Employed | 9.1% Minority | 93.2% MDD 3.4% Dd 1.1% NOS BD | 22.7% PTSD 18.2% ODD 4.5% SA 2.3% NOS Ed | |
2002 | Diamond et al. [119] | 32 | 14.9 (13–17) | 78% | 80% One parent 69% < USD 30,000 annual income 34% ≤ USD 20,000 annual income | 69% African American 31% White | 100% MDD | ||
2004 | Mufson et al. [120] | 63 | 15.1 (12–18) | 84.1% | 69.8% One parent | 71.4% Hispanic | 50.8% MDD 17.5% Dd 14.3% ADDM 11.1% NOS DD 6.3% dD | 33.3% CSI 11.1% HSA | |
2004 | Rohde et al. [121] | 93 | 15.1 (13–17) | 48.4% | 15.1% Both biological parents 14.8% Parent with bachelor’s degree or higher | 80.6% White | 100% MDD | 39.8% HSA | 100% CD |
2004 | TADS [122] | 439 | 14.6 (12–17) | 54.4% | 41% One parent USD 50,000–74,000 modal family income | 73.8% White 12.5% Black 8.9% Hispanic | 100% MDD 10.5% Dd | 27.4% AD, 23.5% DB, 13.7% ADHD, 4.3% Others | |
2005 | Clarke et al. [123] | 152 | 15.3 (12–18) | 77.6% | 13.8% Minority | 100% MDD | |||
2006 | Melvin et al. [124] | 73 | 15.3 (12–18) | 65.8% | 58.5% Secondary school 41.5% Tertiary school | 60.3% MDD 23.3% Dd 16.4% NOS DD | 37% AD 26% PCRP 8.2% CD/ODD 15% Others | ||
2007 | Goodyer et al. [125] | 208 | 14 (11–17) | 74% | 100% MDD 0.5% Dd | 44.2% SP, 38% OCD, 37.5% PTSD, 31.2% AP, 28.4% SAD, 22.6% sP | |||
2008 | Brent et al. [126] | 334 | 15.9 (12–18) | 69.8% | USD 61,000 median family income | 82.9% White 17.1% Other Ethnicity | 100% MDD 29.3% Dd | 23.7% HSA | 36.4% AD 15.6% ADHD 9.9% ODD/CD |
2013 | Alavi et al. [127] | 30 | 16.1 (12–18) | 90% | 100% MDD | 100% HSA | |||
2013 | Israel and Diamond [128] | 20 | 15.6 (13–17) | 55% | 100% MDD | 85% ID 55% ED 40% Ap | |||
2014 | Shirk et al. [129] | 43 | 15.5 (13–17) | 83.7% | 49% Non-Hispanic Caucasian 38% African American 33% Hispanic | 81.4% MDD 7% Dd 11.6% NOS DD | 46% PTSD 14% SA | ||
2014 | Szigethy et al. [130] | 217 | 14.3 (9–17) | 51% | 89.4% White 10.6% Black | 63.1% MDD 36.9% mDD | 74.2% Cd 25.8% UC | ||
2015 | Kobak et al. [131] | 65 | 15.4 (12–17) | 66.2% | 41.5% Caucasian 36.9% African American 4.6% American Indian 1.5% Asian, 7.7% Biracial, 7.7% Others | 47.7% MDD 30.8% PDD 4.6% MDD and PDD 7.7% NOS DD | |||
2016 | Charkhandeh et al. [132] | 188 | (12–17) 12.8% 12–13 36.7% 14–15 50.5% 16–17 | 53.7% | 86.2% Both parents 8.5% Only mother 3.2% Only father 2.1% None 30.9% > USD 800 68.6% < USD 800 | 100% MDD | |||
2016 | Clarke et al. [133] | 212 | 14.7 (12–18) | 68.4% | $64,073 average family income | 16% Hispanic 11.8% Minority | 100% MDD | ||
2016 | Yang et al. [134] | 45 | 15 (12–18) | 55.6% | 100% Chinese population | 100% DD | 24.4% CSI/HSA | ||
2017 | Goodyer et al. [135] | 470 (465) b | 15 (11–17) | 74.8% | 84.5% White | 100% MDD | 34.4% HSA | 12% ODD/CD | |
2018 | Poole et al. [136] | 64 | 15.2 (12–18) | 73.4% | 37.5% Married 37.5% Divorced 17.9% Single 19% USD 0–20,000 36% USD 20,000–50,000 21% USD 50,000–80,000 24% > USD 80,000 | 100% MDD, mDD or Dd | |||
2019 | Esposito-Smythers et al. [137] | 147 | 14.9 (12–18) | 76.2% | 85.5% White 2.1% Black/African American 2.8% Asian/Pacific Islander 9.7% Multiracial | 89.1% MDD 10.9 Dd or NOS DD | 65.5% HSA | 39.6% GAD, 26.6% ADHD, 22.2% SAD, 18.8% ODD/CD, 18.3 PTSD |
Year | Authors | Treatment Conditions | Sessions | Measures (Sources) | Posttreatment | Follow-Up | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Improvement | Effect Size | Response Rate | |||||||
1990 | Lewinsohn et al. [14] | CBT Parent and Adolescent CBT Adolescent WL | 14 two-hour group over 7 weeks | CES-D (A) BDI (A) CBCL-D (P) | CBT (PA) ≥ CBT (A) > WL | CES-D: 1.51 PA, 1.18 A BDI: 1.48 PA, 0.94 A CBCL-D: 1.35 PA, -0.13 A | Loss of Diagnosis CBT (PA): 47.6% CBT (A): 42.9% WT: 5.3% | 24 months Improvement was maintained | |
1996 | Vostanis et al. [112] | CBT PL | 9 individual biweekly | MFQ (A, P) | CBT = PL | MFQ: 0.05 A, 0.51 P | Loss of Diagnosis CBT: 87% PL: 75% | 9 months (recovered) 86% CBT, 75% PL 24 months 74.1% CBT, 85% PL | |
1996 | Wood et al. [113] | CBT RT Progressive Relaxation | 8 individual weekly | MFQ-C (A, P) | CBT > RT | MFQ: N/A A, 0.41 P | MFQ-C Clinical Significance CBT: 75% RT: 33% | 3 months: d = −0.06 6 months: d = 0.14 | |
1997 | Brent et al. [114] | CBT FT Systemic and Behavioral NDST | 12–16 individual over 12–16 weeks | K-SADS (C) BDI (A) | CBT > FT = NDST | K-SADS: 0.45 CBT, 0.14 FT BDI: 0.41 CBT, 0.07 FT | Loss of Diagnosis + BDI < 9 (3 Sessions) CBT: 82.9% FT: 67.7% NDST: 57.6% | 12 months (recovered) 96.7% (rapid responders), 68.7% (initial non-responders) 24 months (recovered) No between-group differences | |
1999 | Clarke et al. [115] | CBT Parent and Adolescent CBT Adolescent WL | 16 two-hour group over 8 weeks | HRSD (C) BDI (A) CBCL-D (P) | CBT (PA) = CBT (A) > WL | HRSD: 0.14 PA, 0.52 A BDI: 0.24 PA, 0.58 A CBCL-D: −0.43 PA, −0.47 A | Loss of Diagnosis CBT (PA): 68.8% CBT (A): 64.9% WT: 48.1% | 12 months (recovered) 100% booster, 50% assessment 24 months (recovered) 100% booster, 90% assessment | |
1999 | Mufson et al. [116] | IPT CM | 12 45 min individual weekly | HRSD (C) BDI (A) | IPT > CM | HRSD: 0.66 BDI: 0.66 | HRSD ≤ 6 IPT: 75% CM: 46% | Not reported | |
1999 | Rosselló and Bernal [117] | CBT IPT WL | 12 one-hour individual weekly | CDI (A) | CBT = IPT > WL | CDI: 0.35 CBT, 0.76 IPT | CDI < 12 CBT: 76% IPT: 89% WL: 66% | 3 months CBT = IPT | |
2002 | Clarke et al. [118] | CBT + TAU TAU | 16 two-hour group over 8 weeks | HRSD (C) CES-D (A) CBCL-D (P) | CBT = TAU | HRSD: 0.10 CES-D: 0.20 CBCL-D: −0.24 | Few or no Depressive Symptoms ≥ 8 Weeks CBT: 31.6% TAU: 29.8% | 12 months (recovered) 71.1% CBT, 82.1% TAU 89.5% CBT, 92.3% TAU | |
2002 | Diamond et al. [119] | FT Attachment-based WL | 12 60–90 min family group weekly | HRSD (C) BDI (A) | FT > WL | HRSD: 0.64 BDI: 0.77 | Loss of Diagnosis FT: 81% WL: 47% | 6 months (recovered) 87% FT | |
2004 | Mufson et al. [120] | IPT TAU | 12 35 min individual over 16 weeks | HRSD (C) BDI (A) | IPT > TAU | HRSD: 0.50 BDI: 0.37 | HRSD ≤ 6 IPT: 50% TAU: 34% | Not reported | |
2004 | Rohde et al. [121] | CBT LST | 16 two-hour group over 8 weeks | HRSD (C) BDI-II (A) | CBT > LST | HRSD: 0.39 BDI-II: 0.17 | Loss of Diagnosis CBT: 38.6% LST: 19.1% | 6 months (recovered) 54% CBT, 60% LST 12 months (recovered) 63% CBT, 63% LST | |
2004 | TADS [122] | CBT Fluoxetine CBT + Fluoxetine Pill Placebo | 15 50–60 min individual over 12 weeks | CDRS-R (C) RADS (A) | CBT + FL > FL > CBT = PL | CDRS-R: −0.03 CBT, 0.68 FL, 0.98 CBT+FL RADS: −0.10 CBL, 0.50 FL, 0.82 | CGI ≤ 2 CBT + FL: 71% FL: 60.6% CBT: 43.2% PL: 34.8% | Not reported | |
2005 | Clarke et al. [123] | CBT Brief + SSRI (TAU) SSRI (TAU) | 5–9 one-hour individual | HRSD (C) CES-D (A) CBCL-D (P) | CBT + SSRI ≥ SSRI | HRSD: 0.05 CES-D: 0.17 CBCL-D: 0.09 | No CMDE CBT + SSRI: 77% SSRI: 72.1% | 12 months (recovered) 80.3% CBT + SSRI, 94.2% SSRI | |
2006 | Melvin et al. [124] | CBT Sertraline CBT + Sertraline | 12 50 min individual weekly | RADS (A) | CBT > SER CBT + SER = CBT CBT + SER = SER | CBT vs. SER: 0.42 CBT vs. CBT + SER: 0.33 SER vs. CBT + SER: −0.07 | Full Remission MDD CBT: 86% SER: 46% | 6 months (recovered) CBT = SER = CBT + SER | |
2007 | Goodyer et al. [125] | CBT + SSRI + TAU SSRI + TAU | 19 55 min individual over 28 weeks | CDRS-R (C) MFQ (A) | CBT + SSRI + TAU = SSRI + TAU | CDRS-R: −0.11 MFQ: −0.22 | CGI ≤ 2 CBT + SSRI + TAU: 53.1% SSRI + TAU: 60.7% | Not reported | |
2008 | Brent et al. [126] | CBT + SSRI SSRI CBT + Venlafaxine Venlafaxine | 12 60–90 min individual weekly | CDRS-R (C) BDI (A) | CBT + SSRI or Venlafaxine > SSRI = Venlafaxine | CBT vs. Medication: 0.09 CDRS-R, −0.05 BDI CBT vs. SSRI: 0.07 CDRS-R, 0.04 BDI CBT vs. Venlafaxine: 0.01 CDRS-R, −0.10 BD | CGI ≤ 2 CBT: 59% Medication: 47.6% | 15 months (recovered) 89% without MDD | |
2013 | Alavi et al. [127] | CBT + TAU TAU | 12 individual weekly | BDI (A) | CBT > TAU | BDI: 2.88 | BDI Decrement CBT: 54% TAU: −0.1% | Not reported | |
2013 | Israel and Diamond [128] | FT Attachment-based TAU | 12–16 family group weekly | HRSD (C) BDI-II (A) | FT > TAU | HRSD: 1.10 BID-II: 0.80 | HRSD < 9 FT: 27% TAU: 11% | Not reported | |
2014 | Shirk et al. [129] | CBT Interpersonal Trauma TAU | 12 individual weekly | BDI-II (A) | CBT = TAU | BDI-II: −0.95 | Loss of Diagnosis CBT: 50.0% TAU: 48.0% | 1 month BDI-II: d = −2.98 | |
2014 | Szigethy et al. [130] | CBT PASCET NDST Supportive listening | 12 45 min individual weekly | CDRS-R (C) | CBT = NDST | CDRS-R: 1.31 CBT, 1.30 NDST | CDRS-R ≤ 28 CBT: 67.7% NDST: 63.2% | Not reported | |
2015 | Kobak et al. [131] | CBT Technology-assisted TAU | 12 weeks | QIDS (A) | CBT = TAU | QIDS: 0.08 | CGI ≤ 2 CBT: 71.4% TAU: 60% | Not reported | |
2016 | Charkhandeh et al. [132] | CBT Reiki WL | 24 90 min individual over 12 weeks | CDI (A) | CBT > Reiki > WL | CBT vs. Reiki: 1.11 CBT vs. WL: 2.03 Reiki vs. WL: 0.76 | CDI Decrement CBT: 32.4% Reiki: 12.2% WL: 0% | Not reported | |
2016 | Clarke et al. [133] | CBT Brief Individual + TAU TAU | 5–9 individual | CDRS-R (C) CES-D (A) | CBT > TAU | CDRS-R: 0.60 CES-D: 0.37 | Loss of Diagnosis CBT: 31.3% TAU: 12.1% | 24 months CBT: 88.9% TAU: 78.8% | |
2016 | Yang et al. [134] | CBT ABM Placebo ABM | 8 individual over 2 weeks + 4 individual over 2 weeks | K-SADS (C) HRSD (C) CES-D (A) | ABM > PL | K-SADS: 0.60 HRSD: 0.63 CES-D: 0.07 | Loss of Diagnosis ABM: 87% PL: 59% | 12 months CES-D: d = 0.94 | |
2017 | Goodyer et al. [135] | CBT PT Short-term BPI | 20 over 30 weeks 28 over 30 weeks 12 over 20 weeks | MFQ (A) | CBT = PT CBT and PT = BPI | CBT vs. PT: 0.16 CBT vs. BPI: 0.40 PT vs. BPI: 0.25 | Loss of Diagnosis CBT: 69% PT: 64% BPI: 56% | 12 months CBT: 74% PT: 73% BPI: 71% | 20 months CBT: 75% PT: 85% BPI: 73% |
2018 | Poole et al. [136] | FT Best Mood Program TAU PAST Program | 8 two-hour family group | SMFQ (A) | FT = TAU | SMFQ: 0.07 | SMFQ Decrement FT: 29.6% TAU: 23.8% | 3 months d = −1.02 | |
2019 | Esposito-Smythers et al. [137] | CBT Family-focused TAU Enhanced | 0–6 months: weekly (A), biweekly (P) 6–9 months: biweekly (A), biweekly-monthly (P) 9–12 months: monthly (A, P) | K-SADS (C) CDI-2 (A) | CBT = TAU | CDI-2: 0.06 | Loss of Diagnosis CBT: 79% TAU: 86.4% | 6 months CBT: 72.6% TAU: 87.5% CDI-2: d = −0.56 |
Review | Level 1 Well-Established | Level 2 Probably Efficacious | Level 3 Possibly Efficacious | Level 4 Experimental | Level 5 Questionable Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | Group CBT | Individual IPT FT | |||
2008 | Group CBT Individual IPT | Individual CBT | Group IPT FT | ||
2016 | Individual CBT Group CBT Individual IPT | Group IPT | Bibliotherapy CBT FT | Technology-assisted CBT | |
Current | Individual CBT Individual IPT | Group CBT | FT | Bibliotherapy CBT Technology-assisted CBT Group IPT Short-term PT |
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Méndez, J.; Sánchez-Hernández, Ó.; Garber, J.; Espada, J.P.; Orgilés, M. Psychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents: More Than Three Decades Later. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094600
Méndez J, Sánchez-Hernández Ó, Garber J, Espada JP, Orgilés M. Psychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents: More Than Three Decades Later. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094600
Chicago/Turabian StyleMéndez, Javier, Óscar Sánchez-Hernández, Judy Garber, José P. Espada, and Mireia Orgilés. 2021. "Psychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents: More Than Three Decades Later" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094600