Relationship of Binge Drinking with Impairments Affecting Memory and Executive Function among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables and Measuring Tools
2.3.1. Sociodemographic and Academic Data. Alcohol, and Other Drug Consumption
2.3.2. Neuropsychological Variables
Memory
Executive Functions
- First sheet: read the text of each word.
- Second sheet: say the color of each XXXX.
- Third sheet: say the color of each word.
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic, Academic, Alcohol and Other Drug Use Variables
3.2. Memory and Executive Functions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2018; ISBN 978-92-4-156563-9. [Google Scholar]
- Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. Informe 2019 Alcohol, Tabaco y Drogas Ilegales en España; Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social: Madrid, Spain, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Crews, F.; He, J.; Hodge, C. Adolescent Cortical Development: A Critical Period of Vulnerability for Addiction. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2007, 86, 189–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lange, J.E.; Clapp, J.D.; Turrisi, R.; Reavy, R.; Jaccard, J.; Johnson, M.B.; Voas, R.B.; Larimer, M. College Binge Drinking: What Is It? Who Does It? Alcohol. Exp. Res. 2002, 26, 723–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Drinking Levels Defined. Available online: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/moderate-binge-drinking (accessed on 8 September 2020).
- Parada, M.; Corral, M.; Caamaño-Isorna, F.; Mota, N.; Crego, A.; Rodríguez Holguín, S.; Cadaveira, F. Definición del concepto de consumo intensivo de alcohol adolescente (Binge Drinking). Adicciones 2011, 23, 53–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Courtney, K.E.; Polich, J. Binge Drinking in Young Adults: Data, Definitions, and Determinants. Psychol. Bull. 2009, 135, 142–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. Informe 2020 Alcohol, Tabaco y Drogas Ilegales En España; Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social: Madrid, Spain, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Herrero-Montes, M.; Alonso-Blanco, C.; Paz-Zulueta, M.; Sarabia-Cobo, C.; Ruiz-Azcona, L.; Parás-Bravo, P. Binge Drinking in Spanish University Students: Associated Factors and Repercussions: A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Salas-Gomez, D.; Fernandez-Gorgojo, M.; Pozueta, A.; Diaz-Ceballos, I.; Lamarain, M.; Perez, C.; Sanchez-Juan, P. Binge Drinking in Young University Students Is Associated with Alterations in Executive Functions Related to Their Starting Age. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0166834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dantzer, C.; Wardle, J.; Fuller, R.; Pampalone, S.Z.; Steptoe, A. International Study of Heavy Drinking: Attitudes and Sociodemographic Factors in University Students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2006, 55, 83–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schulenberg, J.E.; Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; Miech, R.A.; Patrick, M.E. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2018: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19–60. Available online: http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html#monographs (accessed on 8 September 2020).
- Carbia, C.; Cadaveira, F.; Caamaño-Isorna, F.; Rodríguez-Holguín, S.; Corral, M. Binge Drinking during Adolescence and Young Adulthood Is Associated with Deficits in Verbal Episodic Memory. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0171393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lees, B.; Mewton, L.; Stapinski, L.A.; Squeglia, L.M.; Rae, C.D.; Teesson, M. Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2019, 29, 357–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jacobus, J.; Tapert, S.F. Neurotoxic Effects of Alcohol in Adolescence. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2013, 9, 703–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Medina, K.L.; McQueeny, T.; Nagel, B.J.; Hanson, K.L.; Schweinsburg, A.D.; Tapert, S.F. Prefrontal Cortex Volumes in Adolescents with Alcohol Use Disorders: Unique Gender Effects. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32, 386–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heffernan, T.M. The Impact of Excessive Alcohol Use on Prospective Memory: A Brief Review. Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 2008, 1, 36–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heffernan, T.; Clark, R.; Bartholomew, J.; Ling, J.; Stephens, S. Does Binge Drinking in Teenagers Affect Their Everyday Prospective Memory? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010, 109, 73–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garcia-Moreno, L.M.; Exposito, J.; Sanhueza, C.; Angulo, M.T. Actividad Prefrontal y Alcoholismo de Fin de Semana En Jóvenes. Adicciones 2008, 20, 271–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carbia, C.; López-Caneda, E.; Corral, M.; Cadaveira, F. A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Studies Involving Young Binge Drinkers. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2018, 90, 332–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. JAMA 2013, 310, 2191. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Spanish Government Bulletin. Spanish Government Bulletin Organic Law 3/2018.Personal Data Protection; Spain’s Data Protection Agency: Madrid, Spain, 2018; Volume 294, pp. 5–68. [Google Scholar]
- Babor, T.F.; Higgins-biddle, J.C.; Saunders, J.B.; Monteiro, M.G. AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Guidelines for Use in Primary Care, 2nd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Rubio Valladolid, G.; Bermejo Vicedo, J.; Caballero Sánchez-Serrano, M.C.; Santo-Domingo Carrasco, J. Validación de la prueba para la identificación de trastornos por uso de alcohol (AUDIT) en Atención Primaria. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1998, 198, 11–14. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- García Carretero, M.Á.; Novalbos Ruiz, J.P.; Martínez Delgado, J.M.; O’Ferrall González, C. Validación Del Test Para La Identificación de Trastornos Por Uso de Alcohol En Población Universitaria: AUDIT y AUDIT-C. Adicciones 2016, 28, 194–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cortés Tomás, M.T.; Giménez Costa, J.A.; Motos-Sellés, P.; Sancerni Beitia, M.D.; Cadaveira Mahía, F. Utilidad del Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) en el análisis del binge drinking en estudiantes universitarios. Psicothema 2017, 29, 229–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wechsler, D. WMS-III: Escala de Memoria de Wechsler-III. In Manual de Aplicación y Puntuación; TEA: Madrid, Spain, 2004; ISBN 84-7174-778-2. [Google Scholar]
- Rey, A. Test de Copia y de Reproducción de Memoria de Figuras Geométricas Complejas, 8th ed.; TEA Ediciones: Madrid, Spain, 2008; ISBN 978-8471749628. [Google Scholar]
- Palomo, R.; Casals-Coll, M.; Sánchez-Benavides, G.; Quintana, M.; Manero, R.M.; Rognoni, T.; Calvo, L.; Aranciva, F.; Tamayo, F.; Peña-Casanova, J. Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA Jóvenes): Normas para las pruebas Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (Copia y Memoria) y Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test. Neurologia 2013, 28, 226–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Golden, C.J. STROOP. Test de Colores y Palabras, 6th ed.; TEA Ediciones: Madrid, Spain, 2020; ISBN 978-84-16231-78-2. [Google Scholar]
- Wechsler, D. WAIS-III: Manual de Administración y Puntuación, 2nd ed.; TEA Ediciones: Madrid, Spain, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Reitan, R.M. Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration and Scoring; Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory: Tucson, AZ, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Calvo, L.; Casals-Coll, M.; Sánchez-Benavides, G.; Quintana, M.; Manero, R.M.; Rognoni, T.; Palomo, R.; Aranciva, F.; Tamayo, F.; Peña-Casanova, J. Estudios Normativos Españoles En Población Adulta Joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA Jóvenes): Normas Para Las Pruebas Visual Object and Space Perception Battery y Judgment of Line Orientation. Neurologia 2013, 28, 153–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parada, M.; Corral, M.; Caamaño-Isorna, F.; Mota, N.; Crego, A.; Holguín, S.R.; Cadaveira, F. Binge Drinking and Declarative Memory in University Students. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2011, 35, 1475–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mota, N.; Parada, M.; Crego, A.; Doallo, S.; Caamaño-Isorna, F.; Rodríguez Holguín, S.; Cadaveira, F.; Corral, M.; Caamano-Isorna, F.; Rodriguez Holguin, S.; et al. Binge Drinking Trajectory and Neuropsychological Functioning among University Students: A Longitudinal Study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013, 133, 108–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lezak, M.D.; Howieson, D.B.; Bigler, E.D.; Tranel, D. Neuropsychological Assessment, 5th ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2012; ISBN 78-0-19-539552-5. [Google Scholar]
Total (n = 142) | Binge Drinkers | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 88) | Yes (n = 54) | |||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||
Female | 125 | 88.03% | 81 | 92.05% | 44 | 81.48% | ||||||
Male | 17 | 11.97% | 7 | 7.95% | 10 | 18.52% | ||||||
p = 0.0598 b | ||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | |
Age | 20.73 | 2.67 | 18–30 | 20.00 | 20.77 | 2.77 | 18–30 | 20.00 | 20.67 | 2.53 | 18–28 | 20.00 |
p = 0.9830 a | ||||||||||||
Mean grade | 7.18 | 0.9 | 4.55–9.11 | 7.3 | 7.24 | 0.96 | 4.55–9.11 | 7.44 | 7.07 | 0.79 | 4.91–8.65 | 7.27 |
p = 0.1753 a | ||||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
Family home | 113 | 79.58% | 68 | 77.27% | 45 | 83.33% | ||||||
Noy in the family home | 29 | 20.42% | 20 | 22.73% | 9 | 16.67% | ||||||
p = 0.3845 b | ||||||||||||
Maternal level of studies | ||||||||||||
University | 43 | 30.28% | 33 | 37.5% | 10 | 18.52% | ||||||
Secondary/vocational training | 57 | 40.14% | 32 | 36.36% | 25 | 46.3% | ||||||
Primary | 36 | 25.35% | 21 | 23.86% | 15 | 27.78% | ||||||
No studies | 6 | 4.23% | 2 | 2.27% | 4 | 7.41% | ||||||
p = 0.0631 c | ||||||||||||
Paternal level of studies | ||||||||||||
University | 45 | 31.69% | 27 | 30.68% | 18 | 33.33% | ||||||
Secondary/vocational training | 55 | 38.73% | 36 | 40.91% | 19 | 35.19% | ||||||
Primary | 36 | 25.35% | 22 | 25,00% | 14 | 25.93% | ||||||
No studies | 6 | 4.23% | 3 | 3.41% | 3 | 5.56% | ||||||
p = 0.8671 c |
Total (n = 142) | Binge Drinkers | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 88) | Yes (n = 54) | |||||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | |
Age of onset of alcohol use (n = 136) | 15.24 | 1.65 | 8–19 | 15.00 | 15.67 | 1.66 | 8–19 | 16.00 | 14.59 | 1.43 | 12–18 | 15.00 |
p =< 0.0001 a | ||||||||||||
AUDIT total | 4.96 | 4.55 | 0–20 | 3 | 2.94 | 2.92 | 0–14 | 2 | 8.26 | 4.83 | 1–20 | 7 |
p < 0.0001 a | ||||||||||||
Substance Use in the Last 12 Months | ||||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||
Alcohol | ||||||||||||
Less than monthly | 41 | 28.87% | 39 | 44.32% | 2 | 3.7% | ||||||
1 to 3 times a month | 57 | 40.14% | 38 | 43.18% | 19 | 35.19% | ||||||
Once a week | 17 | 11.97% | 5 | 5.68% | 12 | 22.22% | ||||||
2 or more times per week | 27 | 19.01% | 6 | 6.82% | 21 | 38.89% | ||||||
p < 0.0001 b | ||||||||||||
Tobacco | ||||||||||||
Never | 99 | 69.72% | 71 | 80.68% | 28 | 51.85% | ||||||
Some days | 32 | 22.54% | 15 | 17.05% | 17 | 31.48% | ||||||
Every day | 11 | 7.75% | 2 | 2.27% | 9 | 16.67% | ||||||
p = 0.0003 b | ||||||||||||
Cannabis | ||||||||||||
Never | 110 | 77.46% | 79 | 89.77% | 31 | 57.41% | ||||||
Some days | 32 | 22.54% | 9 | 10.23% | 23 | 42.59% | ||||||
p < 0.0001 b | ||||||||||||
Cocaine | ||||||||||||
Never | 142 | 100.00% | 88 | 100.00% | 54 | 100.00% |
Total (n = 142) | Binge Drinkers | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 88) | Yes (n = 54) | |||||||||||
Memory | ||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | |
WMS-III Logical memory I | 37.07 | 8.32 | 13–60 | 38 | 36.98 | 8.29 | 13–53 | 38 | 37.22 | 8.45 | 21–60 | 38 |
p = 0.8200 a | ||||||||||||
ROCF Delayed Recall | 26.82 | 6.05 | 8–36 | 29 | 26.33 | 6.65 | 8–36 | 29 | 27.63 | 4.88 | 14–36 | 29 |
p = 0.5720 a | ||||||||||||
Executive Functions | ||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Median | |
WAIS-III | ||||||||||||
Digit Span Forward | 7.04 | 1.36 | 4–9 | 7 | 6.91 | 1.3 | 4–9 | 7 | 7.26 | 1.44 | 5–9 | 7 |
p = 0.1470 a | ||||||||||||
Digit Span Backwards | 5.35 | 1.19 | 1–8 | 5 | 5.23 | 1.2 | 1–8 | 5 | 5.54 | 1.16 | 3–8 | 5.5 |
p = 0.1552 a | ||||||||||||
Digit span total | 12.39 | 2.32 | 5–17 | 12 | 12.14 | 2.23 | 5–17 | 12 | 12.8 | 2.41 | 8–17 | 13 |
p = 0.1296 a | ||||||||||||
STROOP | ||||||||||||
Words | 113.89 | 15.47 | 76–150 | 113 | 113.91 | 16.35 | 76–150 | 115 | 113.85 | 14.06 | 85–150 | 113 |
Difference: 0.06 CI [−5.25 5.36] p = 0.9830 b | ||||||||||||
Color | 79.15 | 11.53 | 54–113 | 78 | 79.15 | 11.93 | 54–113 | 78 | 79.17 | 10.95 | 58–102 | 78.5 |
Difference: −0.02 SD [−3.97 3.94] p = 0.9925 b | ||||||||||||
Color-word | 51.04 | 8.58 | 31–71 | 51 | 51.52 | 9.02 | 31–71 | 50.5 | 50.26 | 7.85 | 33–66 | 51 |
Difference 1.26 CI [−1.67 4.20] p = 0.3965 b | ||||||||||||
Predicted color-word | 46.51 | 6.01 | 32.85–63.38 | 45.92 | 46.49 | 6.29 | 32.85–63.38 | 45.69 | 46.54 | 5.58 | 35.71–60.00 | 46.39 |
Difference: −0.05 CI [−2.11 2.01] p = 0.9629 b | ||||||||||||
Interference | 4.55 | 6.33 | (−13.30)–(19.98) | 4.54 | 5.06 | 6.2 | (−11.63)–(19.98) | 5.26 | 3.71 | 6.52 | (−13.30)–15.22 | 4.2 |
Difference 1.35 CI [−0.81 3.51] p = 0.2184 b | ||||||||||||
Trail Making Test | ||||||||||||
Test A | 21.56 | 7.11 | 10–46 | 20 | 21.42 | 7.22 | 12–46 | 20 | 21.78 | 6.99 | 10–40 | 21 |
p = 0.5626 a | ||||||||||||
Test B | 52.39 | 16.3 | 27–114 | 50 | 53.64 | 18.21 | 27–114 | 48 | 50.35 | 12.49 | 30–94 | 50 |
p = 0.6604 a |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Herrero-Montes, M.; Alonso-Blanco, C.; Paz-Zulueta, M.; Pellico-López, A.; Ruiz-Azcona, L.; Sarabia-Cobo, C.; Boixadera-Planas, E.; Parás-Bravo, P. Relationship of Binge Drinking with Impairments Affecting Memory and Executive Function among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111508
Herrero-Montes M, Alonso-Blanco C, Paz-Zulueta M, Pellico-López A, Ruiz-Azcona L, Sarabia-Cobo C, Boixadera-Planas E, Parás-Bravo P. Relationship of Binge Drinking with Impairments Affecting Memory and Executive Function among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111508
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrero-Montes, Manuel, Cristina Alonso-Blanco, María Paz-Zulueta, Amada Pellico-López, Laura Ruiz-Azcona, Carmen Sarabia-Cobo, Ester Boixadera-Planas, and Paula Parás-Bravo. 2021. "Relationship of Binge Drinking with Impairments Affecting Memory and Executive Function among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111508