The Association between the Type of Delivery and Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Polish Women—A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Information
2.2. Study Participants and Collecting Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Characteristics of the Study Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic 1 | Method of Delivery | p-Value 2 | |
---|---|---|---|
Vaginal n = 613 | Caesarean n = 411 | ||
Age [years] | |||
18–24 | 139 (22.7) | 88 (21.4) | 0.183 |
25–34 | 265 (43.2) | 201 (48.9) | |
≥35 | 209 (34.1) | 122 (29.7) | |
Education | |||
Elementary | 91 (14.8) | 59 (14.3) | 0.105 |
Secondary | 221 (36.0) | 124 (30.2) | |
Tertiary | 301 (49.1) | 228 (55.5) | |
Place of residence | |||
Rural area/farm | 238 (38.8) | 174 (42.3) | 0.481 |
Town ≤ 99,000 inhabitants | 189 (30.8) | 115 (28.0) | |
City ≥ 100,000 inhabitants | 186 (30.3) | 122 (29.7) | |
Net Income | |||
≤2000 PLN 3 | 81 (13.2) | 59 (14.4) | 0.795 |
2001–4000 PLN | 181 (29.5) | 122 (29.7) | |
≥4001 PLN | 302 (49.3) | 192 (46.7) | |
No answer | 49 (8.0) | 38 (9.2) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI [kg/m2] | |||
Underweight | 31 (5.1) | 26 (6.3) | 0.197 |
Normal | 346 (56.4) | 208 (50.6) | |
Overweight/obesity | 210 (34.3) | 163 (39.7) | |
No data | 26 (4.2) | 14 (3.4) | |
Primipara | |||
No | 304 (49.6) | 187 (45.5) | 0.199 |
Pregnancy Complications | |||
Yes | 40 (6.5) | 54 (13.1) | <0.001 * |
Characteristic 1 | Method of Delivery | p-Value 2 | |
---|---|---|---|
Vaginal n = 613 | Caesarean n = 411 | ||
Starting EBF | 590 (96) | 380 (92) | 0.008 * |
OR [95% CI] | 1 ref. | 0.478 [0.274–0.832] * | |
EBF for 4 months | 394 (64) | 234 (57) | 0.018 * |
OR [95% CI] | 1 ref. | 0.735 [0.569–0.949] * | |
EBF for 6 months | 220 (36) | 131 (32) | 0.185 |
OR [95% CI] | 1 ref. | 0.836 [0.641–1.089] |
Characteristic 1 | Starting EBF | EBF for 4 Months | EBF for 6 Months | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaginal | Caesarean | Vaginal | Caesarean | Vaginal | Caesarean | |||||||
n = 590 | p-Value 2 | n = 380 | p-Value 2 | n = 394 | p-Value 2 | n = 224 | p-Value 2 | n = 220 | p-Value 2 | n = 121 | p-Value 2 | |
Age [years] | ||||||||||||
18–24 | 132 (22) | 0.663 | 81 (21) | 0.659 | 69 (17) | <0.001 * | 35 (15) | <0.001 * | 33 (15) | 0.002 * | 14 (11) | 0.001 * |
25–34 | 256 (43) | 184 (48) | 172 (44) | 113 (48) | 99 (45) | 71 (54) | ||||||
≥35 | 202 (34) | 115 (30) | 153 (39) | 86 (37) | 88 (40) | 46 (35) | ||||||
Education | ||||||||||||
Elementary | 88 (15) | 0.947 | 56 (15) | 0.034 * | 44 (11) | 0.001 * | 19 (8) | <0.001 * | 19 (9) | 0.002 * | 10 (8) | 0.001 * |
Secondary | 213 (36) | 120 (32) | 141 (36) | 71 (30) | 77 (35) | 31 (24) | ||||||
Tertiary | 289 (49) | 204 (54) | 209 (53) | 144 (62) | 124 (56) | 90 (69) | ||||||
Place of residence | ||||||||||||
Rural area/farm | 229 (39) | 0.999 | 156 (41) | 0.181 | 151 (38) | 0.894 | 88 (38) | 0.074 | 77 (35) | 0.283 | 50 (38) | 0.503 |
Town ≤ 99,000 inhabitants | 182 (31) | 109 (29) | 124 (31) | 69 (29) | 75 (34) | 39 (30) | ||||||
City ≥ 100,000 inhabitants | 179 (30) | 115 (30) | 119 (30) | 77 (33) | 68 (31) | 42 (32) | ||||||
Net Income | ||||||||||||
≤2000 PLN 3 | 77 (13) | 0.919 | 56 (15) | 0.780 | 42 (11) | 0.038 * | 32 (14) | 0.007 * | 23 (10) | 0.217 | 17 (13) | 0.137 |
2001–4000 PLN | 174 (29) | 112 (29) | 124 (31) | 57 (24) | 65 (29) | 30 (23) | ||||||
≥4001 PLN | 292 (49) | 178 (47) | 200 (51) | 126 (54) | 118 (54) | 70 (54) | ||||||
No answer | 47 (8) | 34 (9) | 28 (7) | 19 (8) | 14 (6) | 14 (11) | ||||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI [kg/m2] | ||||||||||||
Underweight | 29 (5) | 0.171 | 25 (7) | 0.037 * | 16 (4) | 0.087 | 12 (5) | 0.297 | 11 (5) | 0.660 | 6 (5) | 0.336 |
Normal | 338 (57) | 199 (52) | 236 (60) | 126 (54) | 129 (59) | 74 (56) | ||||||
Overweight/obesity | 199 (34) | 144 (38) | 125 (32) | 90 (38) | 69 (31) | 48 (37) | ||||||
No Data | 24 (4) | 12 (3) | 17 (4) | 6 (3) | 11 (5) | 3 (2) | ||||||
Primipara | 0.350 | |||||||||||
No | 293 (50) | 0.863 | 181 (48) | 0.002 * | 198 (50) | 0.660 | 113 (48) | 0.191 | 119 (54) | 0.095 | 64 (49) | |
Pregnancy Complications | 0.314 | |||||||||||
No | 554 (94) | 0.068 | 331 (87) | 0.608 | 373 (95) | 0.108 | 207 (88) | 0.269 | 211 (96) | 0.068 | 117 (89) | |
Birth weight category | ||||||||||||
LBW | 22 (4) | 0.678 | 32 (8) | 0.657 | 14 (4) | 0.941 | 16 (7) | 0.270 | 7 (3) | 0.761 | 10 (8) | 0.858 |
NBW | 510 (86) | 301 (79) | 342 (87) | 190 (81) | 190 (86) | 105 (80) | ||||||
HBW | 58 (10) | 47 (12) | 38 (10) | 28 (12) | 23 (10) | 16 (12) |
Characteristic 1 | Starting EBF OR [95% CI] | EBF for 4 Months OR [95% CI] | EBF for 6 Months OR [95% CI] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaginal n = 590 | Caesarean n = 380 | Vaginal n = 372 | Caesarean n = 224 | Vaginal n = 198 | Caesarean n = 121 | |
Age [years] | ||||||
18–24 | 0.653 [0.224–1.906] | 0.704 [0.238–2.086] | 0.361 [0.230–0.567] * | 0.276 [0.155–0.493] * | 0.428 [0.266–0.690] * | 0.313 [0.159–0.616] * |
25–34 | 0.986 [0.361–2.692] | 0.659 [0.265–1.638] | 0.677 [0.455–1.007] | 0.538 [0.333–0.867] * | 0.820 [0.566–1.188] | 0.902 [0.566–1.439] |
≥35 | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. |
Education | ||||||
Elementary | 1.218 [0.336–4.414] | 2.196 [0.638–7.560] | 0.412 [0.255–0.665] * | 0.277 [0.151–0.509] * | 0.377 [0.216–0.656] * | 0.313 [0.151–0.649] * |
Secondary | 1.106 [0.444–2.752] | 3.529 [1.196–10.417] * | 0.776 [0.537–1.121] | 0.781 [0.500–1.221] | 0.763 [0.533–1.093] | 0.511 [0.315–0.831] * |
Tertiary | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. |
Net Income | ||||||
≤2000 PLN 3 | 0.688 [0.225–2.101] | 1.468 [0.407–5.294] | 0.549 [0.334–0.903] * | 0.621 [0.343–1.123] | 0.613 [0.362–1.056] | 0.705 [0.374–1.332] |
2001–4000 PLN | 0.838 [0.306–2.291] | 0.881 [0.378–2.051] | 1.109 [0.748–1.645] | 0.459 [0.289–0.730] * | 0.874 [0.597–1.280] | 0.568 [0.343–0.943] * |
≥4001 PLN | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. |
Pre-pregnancy BMI [kg/m2] | ||||||
Underweight | 0.343 [0.070–1.692] | 1.131 [0.137–9.302] | 0.064 [0.237–1.042] | 0.558 [0.246–1.266] | 0.925 [0.430–1.993] | 0.543 [0.209–1.412] |
Normal | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. |
Overweight/obesity | 0.428 [0.169–1.082] | 0.343 [0.151–0.779] * | 0.685 [0.480–0.979] * | 0.802 [0.530–1.216] | 0.823 [0.574–1.181] | 0.756 [0.487–1.174] |
Primipara | ||||||
Yes | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. | 1 ref. |
No | 1.076 [0.467–2.478] | 3.790 [1.520–9.448] * | 1.077 [0.774–1.499] | 1.300 [0.877–1.927] | 1.325 [0.951–1.844] | 1.219 [0.804–1.848] |
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Tracz, J.; Gajewska, D.; Myszkowska-Ryciak, J. The Association between the Type of Delivery and Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Polish Women—A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010987
Tracz J, Gajewska D, Myszkowska-Ryciak J. The Association between the Type of Delivery and Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Polish Women—A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010987
Chicago/Turabian StyleTracz, Julia, Danuta Gajewska, and Joanna Myszkowska-Ryciak. 2021. "The Association between the Type of Delivery and Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Polish Women—A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010987