Mortality and Alcohol as Its Cause—Comparative Characteristics of the Two Neighboring Countries: Ukraine and Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Materials and Method
4. Results
5. Discussion
- Diseases of the circulatory system—63.64 and 66.98;
- Neoplasms—11.80 and 13.43;
- External causes of morbidity and mortality—8.14 and 5.28;
- Diseases of the digestive system—4.67 and 4.18;
- Diseases of the respiratory system—3.09 and 2.22.
- Diseases of the circulatory system—45.84 and 40.55;
- Neoplasms—25.18 and 26.38;
- External causes of morbidity and mortality—6.68 and 4.85;
- Diseases of the respiratory system—5.09 and 6.65;
- Diseases of the digestive system—4.50 and 4.18.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Main Classes of Causes of Mortality | Ukraine | Poland | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | |
The overall mortality rate | 16.31 | 13.90 | −14.76 | 9.95 | 10.78 | +8.33 |
Chapter I. Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | 0.37 | 0.21 | −43.16 | 0.07 | 0.05 | −32.39 |
Chapter II. Neoplasms | 1.92 | 1.86 | −3.38 | 2.51 | 2.85 | +13.53 |
Chapter IV. Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | 0.06 | 0.05 | −13.11 | 0.18 | 0.25 | +36.41 |
Chapter V: Mental and behavioral disorders | 0.06 | 0.03 | −51.61 | 0.06 | 0.10 | +78.18 |
Chapter VI. Diseases of the nervous system | 0.16 | 0.11 | −29.11 | 0.13 | 0.17 | +30.77 |
Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system | 10.38 | 9.28 | −10.64 | 4.54 | 4.37 | −3.64 |
Chapter X. Diseases of the respiratory system | 0.50 | 0.31 | −38.77 | 0.51 | 0.72 | +41.90 |
Chapter XI. Diseases of the digestive system | 0.76 | 0.58 | −23.92 | 0.45 | 0.45 | +0.67 |
Chapter XX. External causes of morbidity and mortality | 1.33 | 0.73 | −44.91 | 0.67 | 0.52 | −21.35 |
Mortality Due to Alcohol Consumption | Ukraine | Poland | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% in a Certain Class of Causes of Death | Change 2008–2018 | % in a Certain Class of Causes of Death | Change 2008–2018 | ||
All causes | 2008 | 3.52 | −1.69 | 1.72 | +0.64 |
2018 | 1.83 | 2.36 | |||
Chapter V: F10 Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol | 2008 | 72.99 | +1.11 | 91.91 | −9.08 |
2018 | 74.10 | 82.83 | |||
Chapter VI: G31.2 Degeneration of nervous system due to alcohol | 2008 | 22.78 | −8.94 | 1.07 | −0.92 |
2018 | 13.84 | 0.15 | |||
Chapter VI: G62.1 Alcoholic polyneuropathy | 2008 | 0.33 | −0.22 | 0.08 | −0.05 |
2018 | 0.11 | 0.03 | |||
Chapter IX: I42.6 Alcoholic cardiomyopathy | 2008 | 1.88 | −0.88 | 0.15 | −0.08 |
2018 | 1.00 | 0.07 | |||
Chapter XI: K70 Alcoholic liver disease | 2008 | 14.52 | −5.81 | 17.55 | +13.57 |
2018 | 8.71 | 31.12 | |||
Chapter XI: K86.0 Alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis | 2008 | 0.20 | −0.10 | 0.20 | +0.16 |
2018 | 0.10 | 0.36 | |||
Chapter XX: X45Accidental poisoning by and exposure to alcohol | 2008 | 14.00 | −4.00 | 5.07 | +0.39 |
2018 | 10.00 | 5.46 |
Mortality Rate | Place of Residence | UKRAINE | POLAND | % Change* 2008 | % Change* 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | ||||
Overall mortality rate | urban | 14.75 | 12.51 | −15.21 | 9.81 | 11.06 | +12.68 | −33.50 | −11.62 |
rural | 19.83 | 17.19 | −13.29 | 10.17 | 10.36 | +1.91 | −48.71 | −39.72 | |
The mortality rate due to alcohol | urban | 0.50 | 0.20 | −59.72 | 0.19 | 0.27 | +41.16 | −62.17 | +32.57 |
rural | 0.73 | 0.37 | −49.08 | 0.14 | 0.23 | +64.32 | −80.66 | −37.60 | |
Chapter V. Mental and behavioral disorders | urban | 0.05 | 0.02 | −57.33 | 0.06 | 0.10 | +70.74 | +25.21 | +401.07 |
rural | 0.10 | 0.05 | −46.02 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 96.23 | −48.50 | +87.22 | |
F10 Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol | urban | 0.03 | 0.01 | −56.59 | 0.05 | 0.08 | +47.07 | +62.74 | +451.39 |
rural | 0.07 | 0.04 | −45.39 | 0.04 | 0.08 | +90.80 | −38.40 | 115.22 | |
Chapter VI. Diseases of the nervous system | urban | 0.15 | 0.10 | −34.54 | 0.14 | 0.19 | +40.02 | −7.98 | +96.82 |
rural | 0.18 | 0.15 | −19.20 | 0.12 | 0.14 | +15.45 | −33.71 | −5.29 | |
G31.2 Degeneration of nervous system due to alcohol | urban | 0.032 | 0.012 | −63.82 | 0.002 | 0.0003 | −83.18 | −95.19 | −97.76 |
rural | 0.045 | 0.024 | −45.70 | 0.001 | 0.0003 | −77.25 | −97.43 | −98.92 | |
G62.1 Alcoholic polyneuropathy | urban | 0.0004 | 0.0001 | −70.57 | 0.0001 | 0.003 | −32.71 | −63.28 | −16.05 |
rural | 0.0009 | 0.0002 | −82.63 | 0.0001 | 0.000 | - | −92.37 | - | |
Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system | urban | 9.14 | 8.06 | −11.81 | 4.30 | 4.32 | +0.68 | −53.01 | −46.35 |
rural | 13.15 | 12.10 | −7.92 | 4.91 | 4.44 | −9.64 | −62.62 | −63.32 | |
I42.6 Alcoholic cardiomyopathy | urban | 0.18 | 0.08 | −56.30 | 0.01 | 0.003 | −55.14 | −96.03 | −95.93 |
rural | 0.24 | 0.13 | −45.54 | 0.01 | 0.002 | −61.74 | −97.31 | −98.11 | |
Chapter XI. Diseases of the digestive system | urban | 0.79 | 0.57 | −27.42 | 0.50 | 0.49 | −0.59 | −36.62 | −13.18 |
rural | 0.72 | 0.61 | −15.34 | 0.37 | 0.38 | +3.79 | −48.51 | −36.88 | |
K70 Alcoholic liver disease | urban | 0.10 | 0.04 | −62.40 | 0.09 | 0.16 | +68.74 | −10.01 | +303.80 |
rural | 0.13 | 0.08 | −39.33 | 0.06 | 0.11 | +105.41 | −56.02 | +48.90 | |
K86.0 Alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis | urban | 0.0014 | 0.0005 | −65.67 | 0.001 | 0.002 | +61.48 | −23.51 | +259.80 |
rural | 0.0018 | 0.0008 | −52.23 | 0.001 | 0.001 | +112.67 | −61.84 | +69.88 | |
Chapter XX. External causes of morbidity and mortality | urban | 1.20 | 0.65 | −46.77 | 0.61 | 0.48 | −20.79 | −49.96 | −25.54 |
rural | 1.59 | 0.93 | −41.28 | 0.76 | 0.59 | −22.34 | −52.31 | −36.93 | |
X45Accidental poisoning by and exposure to alcohol | urban | 0.16 | 0.06 | −61.50 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −19.93 | −78.79 | −55.88 |
rural | 0.25 | 0.10 | −59.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −8.49 | −86.24 | −69.29 |
Mortality Rate | Sex | Ukraine | Poland | % Change* 2008 | % Change* 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | %Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | %Change | ||||
Overall mortality rate | Men | 18.19 | 14.89 | −18.14 | 10.99 | 11.49 | +4.60 | −39.60 | −22.83 |
Women | 14.82 | 13.15 | −11.24 | 8.98 | 10.11 | +12.57 | −39.38 | −23.12 | |
Overall mortality rate caused by alcohol consumption | Men | 0.98 | 0.44 | −54.98 | 0.29 | 0.39 | +33.91 | −69.86 | −10.35 |
Women | 0.24 | 0.10 | −58.82 | 0.06 | 0.10 | +76.50 | −75.76 | +3.91 | |
Chapter V. Mental and behavioral disorders | Men | 0.10 | 0.05 | −52.24 | 0.09 | 0.16 | +66.45 | −4.55 | +232.65 |
Women | 0.03 | 0.01 | −52.74 | 0.02 | 0.04 | +148.46 | −44.15 | +193.61 | |
F10 Mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol | Men | 0.08 | 0.04 | −51.79 | 0.09 | 0.15 | +59.66 | +10.93 | +267.38 |
Women | 0.014 | 0.006 | −51.18 | 0.01 | 0.02 | +77.16 | −14.77 | +209.29 | |
Chapter VI. Diseases of the nervous system | Men | 0.23 | 0.15 | −34.80 | 0.13 | 0.16 | +21.48 | −43.42 | +5.41 |
Women | 0.10 | 0.08 | −18.11 | 0.13 | 0.18 | +39.59 | +34.07 | +128.52 | |
G31.2 Degeneration of nervous system due to alcohol | Men | 0.06 | 0.03 | −55.78 | 0.0023 | 0.0004 | −83.87 | −96.21 | −98.62 |
Women | 0.014 | 0.005 | −62.22 | 0.0005 | 0.0002 | −70.18 | −96.45 | −97.20 | |
G62.1 Alcoholic polyneuropathy | Men | 0.0010 | 0.0002 | −84.44 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | −50.47 | −78.03 | −30.04 |
Women | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | −26.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | |
Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system | Men | 10.04 | 8.79 | −12.39 | 4.43 | 4.13 | −6.74 | −55.88 | −53.04 |
Women | 10.75 | 9.76 | −9.18 | 4.64 | 4.60 | −0.86 | −56.85 | −52.90 | |
I42.6 Alcoholic cardiomyopathy | Men | 0.33 | 0.16 | −51.32 | 0.013 | 0.006 | −56.95 | −96.15 | −96.60 |
Women | 0.08 | 0.03 | −56.93 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −66.87 | −98.63 | −98.95 | |
Chapter XI. Diseases of the digestive system | Men | 1.07 | 0.78 | −26.65 | 0.54 | 0.55 | +0.92 | −49.31 | −30.25 |
Women | 0.51 | 0.41 | −19.11 | 0.36 | 0.36 | −0.02 | −28.45 | −11.56 | |
K70 Alcoholic liver disease | Men | 0.16 | 0.07 | −54.91 | 0.12 | 0.21 | +70.43 | −23.98 | +187.38 |
Women | 0.07 | 0.03 | −53.37 | 0.04 | 0.07 | +103.47 | −45.78 | +136.59 | |
K86.0 Alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis | Men | 0.003 | 0.001 | −52.48 | 0.002 | 0.003 | +77.63 | −39.17 | +127.38 |
Women | 0.0006 | 0.0000 | −92.67 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | +65.64 | −49.60 | +1039.08 | |
Chapter XX. External causes of morbidity and mortality | Men | 2.29 | 1.27 | −44.74 | 1.05 | 0.81 | −23.13 | −54.17 | −36.25 |
Women | 0.51 | 0.27 | −46.32 | 0.31 | 0.26 | −15.74 | −40.33 | −6.34 | |
X45Accidental poisoning by and exposure to alcohol | Men | 0.33 | 0.13 | −59.32 | 0.06 | 0.03 | −56.70 | −81.50 | −80.31 |
Women | 0.06 | 0.02 | −67.25 | 0.008 | 0.007 | −11.52 | −87.09 | −65.14 |
Mortality Rate | Ukraine | Poland | % Change* 2008 | % Change* 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | |||
Overall mortality rate | 7.97 | 5.97 | −25.10 | 4.24 | 3.84 | −9.46 | −46.81 | −35.70 |
Overall mortality rate caused by alcohol consumption | 0.78 | 0.35 | −55.35 | 0.22 | 0.29 | +35.70 | −72.16 | −15.40 |
% of deaths due to alcohol consumption in the total number of deaths | 9.77 | 5.82 | - | 5.11 | 7.66 | - | −47.66 | +31.57 |
Chapter V. Mental and behavioral disorders | ||||||||
Mortality rate | 0.07 | 0.03 | −52.19 | 0.06 | 0.09 | +45.08 | −11.05 | +169.90 |
Deaths on mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol Mortality due to mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol consumption | 0.06 | 0.03 | −51.28 | 0.06 | 0.09 | +43.94 | +3.44 | +205.62 |
% of deaths due to alcohol use in this class of causes of death | 84.22 | 85.82 | - | 97.94 | 97.17 | - | +16.29 | +13.23 |
Chapter VI. Diseases of the nervous system | ||||||||
Mortality rate | 0.18 | 0.11 | −39.31 | 0.07 | 0.06 | −2.72 | −63.39 | −41.31 |
Mortality due to degeneration of the nervous system caused by alcohol consumption | 0.048 | 0.020 | −58.32 | 0.002 | 0.000 | −83.82 | −96.50 | −98.64 |
Mortality due to alcohol field neuropathy | 0.0007 | 0.0002 | −75.76 | 0.0002 | 0.0000 | −73.99 | −79.35 | −77.85 |
% of deaths due to alcohol use in this class of causes of death | 27.37 | 18.68 | - | 2.81 | 0.49 | - | −89.74 | −97.37 |
Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system | ||||||||
Mortality rate | 2.86 | 2.35 | −17.71 | 1.16 | 0.88 | −23.84 | −59.57 | −62.58 |
Mortality due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy | 0.264 | 0.126 | −52.39 | 0.008 | 0.003 | −60.26 | −96.99 | −97.49 |
% of deaths due to alcohol use in this class of causes of death | 9.24 | 5.35 | - | 0.69 | 0.36 | - | −92.55 | −93.28 |
Chapter XI. Diseases of the digestive system | ||||||||
Mortality rate | 0.85 | 0.60 | −29.29 | 0.32 | 0.31 | −1.24 | −62.66 | −47.85 |
Mortality due to alcoholic liver disease | 0.15 | 0.07 | −54.00 | 0.10 | 0.16 | +66.35 | −34.61 | +136.45 |
Mortality due to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis | 0.002 | 0.001 | −63.93 | 0.001 | 0.002 | +74.49 | −45.88 | +161.80 |
% of deaths due to alcohol use in this class of causes of death | 17.86 | 11.58 | - | 31.20 | 52.58 | - | +74.69 | +353.95 |
Chapter XX. External causes of morbidity and mortality | ||||||||
Mortality rate | 1.59 | 0.85 | −46.78 | 0.69 | 0.49 | −28.20 | −56.88 | −41.82 |
Mortality due to accidental poisoning and alcohol exposure | 0.25 | 0.10 | −59.52 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −21.70 | −82.16 | −65.49 |
% of deaths due to alcohol use in this class of causes of death | 15.85 | 12.06 | - | 6.56 | 7.15 | - | −58.62 | −40.68 |
Age Groups | Mortality Rate | Ukraine | Poland | % Change* 2008 | % Change* 2018 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | ||||
16–24 | Mortality in this age group | 1.18 | 0.68 | −42.58 | 0.66 | 0.53 | −19.85 | 1.80 | 1.29 |
Mortality of the population in this age group due to alcohol consumption | 0.04 | 0.01 | −79.55 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 5.23 | 8.80 | 1.50 | |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group | 3.73 | 1.39 | - | 0.83 | 1.10 | - | 4.46 | 1.27 | |
25–44 | Mortality in this age group | 4.87 | 2.89 | −40.53 | 1.49 | 1.27 | −15.14 | 3.26 | 2.29 |
Mortality of the population in this age group due to alcohol consumption | 0.63 | 0.27 | −57.10 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 28.04 | 5.19 | 1.74 | |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group | 12.89 | 9.28 | - | 8.10 | 12.22 | - | 1.59 | 0.76 | |
45–64 | Mortality in this age group | 15.03 | 11.18 | −25.60 | 9.04 | 8.05 | −10.85 | 1.66 | 1.39 |
Mortality of the population in this age group due to alcohol consumption | 1.34 | 0.55 | −59.00 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 31.11 | 3.12 | 0.98 | |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group | 8.91 | 4.91 | - | 4.75 | 6.98 | - | 1.88 | 0.70 |
Mortality Rate\Age Groups | 16–24 Years | 25–44 Years | 45–64 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | %Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | %Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | %Change | |
F10–F99. Chapter V. Mental and behavioral disorders | 0.002 | 0.001 | −63.67 | 0.033 | 0.043 | 30.36 | 0.129 | 0.185 | 42.99 |
F 10. Mortality due to mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol consumption | 0.001 | 0.001 | −58.48 | 0.032 | 0.041 | 30.58 | 0.127 | 0.180 | 41.07 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 58.33 | 66.67 | - | 96.67 | 96.83 | - | 98.64 | 97.32 | - |
G00–G99. Chapter VI. Diseases of the nervous system | 0.023 | 0.025 | 8.69 | 0.034 | 0.028 | −16.10 | 0.121 | 0.119 | −1.80 |
G31.2 Mortality due to degeneration of the nervous system caused by alcohol consumption | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.001 | 0.000 | - | 0.003 | 0.001 | −77.72 |
G62.1 Mortality due to alcohol field neuropathy | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.000 | 0.000 | −74.53 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 3.48 | 0.00 | - | 2.89 | 0.67 | - |
I00-I99. Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system | 0.035 | 0.018 | −49.49 | 0.249 | 0.166 | −33.15 | 2.708 | 2.031 | −25.00 |
I42.6 Mortality due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.002 | 0.001 | −67.77 | 0.018 | 0.007 | −60.57 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.95 | 0.46 | - | 0.67 | 0.35 | - |
K00-K93. Chapter XI. Diseases of the digestive system | 0.009 | 0.008 | −7.25 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.56 | 0.659 | 0.618 | −6.29 |
K70 Mortality due to alcoholic liver disease | 0.002 | 0.003 | 117.97 | 0.050 | 0.088 | 73.36 | 0.199 | 0.310 | 55.69 |
K86.0 Mortality due to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.001 | 0.001 | −30.16 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 171.66 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 17.02 | 40.00 | - | 34.73 | 58.87 | - | 30.43 | 50.84 | - |
V01-Y98. Chapter XX. External causes of morbidity and mortality | 0.470 | 0.336 | −28.62 | 0.549 | 0.397 | −27.69 | 0.949 | 0.664 | −29.96 |
X45 Mortality due to accidental poisoning and alcohol exposure | 0.003 | 0.002 | −27.34 | 0.034 | 0.024 | −28.35 | 0.079 | 0.060 | −23.66 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 0.56 | 0.57 | - | 6.16 | 6.11 | - | 8.34 | 9.09 | - |
Mortality Rate\Age Groups | 16–24 Years | 25–44 Years | 45–64 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | Rate 2008 | Rate 2018 | % Change | |
F10–F99. Chapter V. Mental and behavioral disorders | 0.009 | 0.002 | −82.16 | 0.066 | 0.027 | −59.36 | 0.111 | 0.054 | −51.97 |
F 10. Mortality due to mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol consumption | 0.005 | 0.001 | −82.16 | 0.050 | 0.022 | −56.64 | 0.102 | 0.048 | −53.18 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 50.00 | 50.00 | - | 75.68 | 80.75 | - | 91.31 | 89.01 | - |
G00–G99. Chapter VI. Diseases of the nervous system | 0.051 | 0.034 | −33.11 | 0.163 | 0.085 | −48.02 | 0.264 | 0.160 | −39.37 |
G31.2 Mortality due to degeneration of the nervous system caused by alcohol consumption | 0.002 | 0.000 | −89.22 | 0.039 | 0.015 | −62.35 | 0.083 | 0.033 | −60.45 |
G62.1 Mortality due to alcohol field neuropathy | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.000 | 0.000 | −79.54 | 0.001 | 0.000 | −75.63 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 5.15 | 0.78 | - | 24.25 | 17.49 | - | 31.83 | 20.63 | - |
I00-I99. Chapter IX. Diseases of the circulatory system | 0.071 | 0.054 | −23.94 | 0.897 | 0.652 | −27.33 | 6.519 | 5.023 | −22.94 |
I42.6 Mortality due to alcoholic cardiomyopathy | 0.006 | 0.002 | −61.68 | 0.191 | 0.087 | −54.31 | 0.483 | 0.210 | −56.53 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 7.86 | 3.96 | - | 21.30 | 13.39 | - | 7.42 | 4.18 | - |
K00-K93. Chapter XI. Diseases of the digestive system | 0.052 | 0.023 | −56.63 | 0.684 | 0.401 | −41.41 | 1.468 | 1.024 | −30.28 |
K70 Mortality due to alcoholic liver disease | 0.010 | 0.001 | −94.35 | 0.130 | 0.053 | −59.20 | 0.248 | 0.110 | −55.63 |
K86.0 Mortality due to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | 0.002 | 0.001 | −48.85 | 0.003 | 0.001 | −79.28 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 18.26 | 2.38 | - | 19.33 | 13.51 | - | 17.09 | 10.80 | - |
V01-Y98. Chapter XX. External causes of morbidity and mortality | 0.746 | 0.427 | −42.76 | 1.526 | 0.784 | −48.63 | 2.122 | 0.784 | −63.07 |
X45 Mortality due to accidental poisoning and alcohol exposure | 0.022 | 0.006 | −73.95 | 0.214 | 0.091 | −57.69 | 0.419 | 0.106 | −74.78 |
Proportion of deaths due to alcohol consumption in this age group (%) | 2.90 | 1.32 | - | 14.03 | 11.56 | - | 19.74 | 13.48 | - |
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Lyubinets, O.; Kachmarska, M.; Sygit, K.M.; Cipora, E.; Grshybowskyj, J. Mortality and Alcohol as Its Cause—Comparative Characteristics of the Two Neighboring Countries: Ukraine and Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010810
Lyubinets O, Kachmarska M, Sygit KM, Cipora E, Grshybowskyj J. Mortality and Alcohol as Its Cause—Comparative Characteristics of the Two Neighboring Countries: Ukraine and Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010810
Chicago/Turabian StyleLyubinets, Oleh, Marta Kachmarska, Katarzyna Maria Sygit, Elżbieta Cipora, and Jaroslaw Grshybowskyj. 2021. "Mortality and Alcohol as Its Cause—Comparative Characteristics of the Two Neighboring Countries: Ukraine and Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010810