Dose–Response Relationship between Environmental Exposure to Nickel and Pulmonary Function in the Korean General Population Aged 40 or Older
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Materials and Population
2.2. Measurement of Blood Nickel Concentration
2.3. Spirometry
2.4. Other Factors
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethics Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male | Female | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) n/(%) | Blood Ni (µg/L) * | Mean (SD) n/(%) | Blood Ni (µg/L) * | Mean (SD) n/(%) | Blood Ni (µg/L) * | ||
Age (year) | 57.3 (10.9) | 55.8 (10.0) | 56.5 (10.4) | ||||
40–49 | 147 (29.2) | 0.281 (0.074) | 177 (29.8) | 0.325 (0.080) | 324 (29.5) | 0.305 (0.079) | |
50–59 | 160 (31.8) | 0.300 (0.104) | 226 (38.1) | 0.314 (0.073) | 386 (35.2) | 0.308 (0.087) | |
60–69 | 118 (23.4) | 0.330(0.111) | 127 (21.4) | 0.325 (0.086) | 245 (22.3) | 0.327 (0.098) | |
70≤ | 79 (15.6) | 0.354(0.138) | 64 (10.7) | 0.363 (0.141) | 143 (13.0) | 0.358 (0.139) | |
Height (cm) | 169.0 (6.3) | 156.8 (6.0) | 162.4 (8.6) | ||||
Smoking status | |||||||
Current smoker | 172 (34.1) | 0.291 (0.068) | 25 (4.2) | 0.316 (0.0806) | 197 (17.9) | 0.294 (0.070) | |
Ex-smoker | 245 (48.6) | 0.328 (0.133) | 32 (5.4) | 0.303 (0.081) | 277 (25.2) | 0.325 (0.128) | |
non-smoker | 87 (17.3) | 0.297 (0.075) | 537 (90.4) | 0.326 (0.088) | 624 (56.9) | 0.322 (0.087) | |
Blood nickel level † | |||||||
1st Quartile | 126 (25.0) | 0.198 (0.023) | 147 (24.7) | 0.213 (0.028) | 273 (24.9) | 0.205 (0.025) | |
2nd Quartile | 126 (25.0) | 0.263 (0.012) | 149 (25.1) | 0.286 (0.013) | 275 (25.1) | 0.275 (0.013) | |
3rd Quartile | 125 (24.8) | 0.322 (0.016) | 149 (25.1) | 0.345 (0.014) | 274 (24.9) | 0.336 (0.016) | |
4th Quartile | 127 (25.2) | 0.469 (0.139) | 149 (25.1) | 0.465 (0.095) | 276 (25.1) | 0.468 (0.117) | |
Total | 504 (45.9) | 0.310 (0.106) | 594 (54.1) | 0.325 (0.088) | 1,098 (100.0) | 0.318 (0.096) |
Blood Nickel Level * | FVC (mL) | FEV1 (mL) | FEV1/FVC | FEF25–75 (mL) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | ||
Male | |||||||||||||
1st Quartile | 4160.9 | 684.9 | 0.004 | 3192.9 | 603.3 | <0.001 | 0.766 | 0.067 | 0.012 | 2901.5 | 1070.6 | <0.001 | |
2nd Quartile | 3998.7 | 745.9 | 2974.8 | 666.6 | 0.741 | 0.085 | 2502.5 | 1024.7 | |||||
3rd Quartile | 3882.3 | 759.9 | 2932.0 | 619.8 | 0.757 | 0.072 | 2559.0 | 1023.9 | |||||
4th Quartile | 3823.6 | 699.0 | 2826.6 | 699.0 | 0.735 | 0.085 | 2312.7 | 1077.6 | |||||
Female | |||||||||||||
1st Quartile | 2832.2 | 447.9 | 0.925 | 2239.3 | 399.2 | 0.843 | 0.790 | 0.063 | 0.670 | 2258.1 | 778.2 | 0.729 | |
2nd Quartile | 2872.8 | 512.0 | 2287.1 | 420.3 | 0.797 | 0.053 | 2324.2 | 731.1 | |||||
3rd Quartile | 2904.3 | 525.0 | 2305.0 | 455.4 | 0.792 | 0.051 | 2303.6 | 773.7 | |||||
4th Quartile | 2862.8 | 518.7 | 2249.4 | 426.1 | 0.787 | 0.062 | 2227.9 | 730.7 |
FVC | FEV1 | FEV1/FVC | FEF25–75 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | p-Value | Estimate | SE | p-Value | Estimate | SE | p-Value | Estimate | SE | p-Value | |||
Male | Age | 40–49 | 1246.6 | 88.6 | <0.001 | 1213.7 | 73.0 | <0.001 | 0.079 | 0.010 | <0.001 | 1664.0 | 126.3 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 780.3 | 87.4 | <0.001 | 773.5 | 72.0 | <0.001 | 0.058 | 0.010 | <0.001 | 1145.4 | 124.5 | <0.001 | ||
60–69 | 541.1 | 92.5 | <0.001 | 511.7 | 76.2 | <0.001 | 0.040 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 621.4 | 131.8 | <0.001 | ||
70≤ | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||||||
Height (cm) | 72.9 | 4.3 | <0.001 | 60.5 | 3.8 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 61.7 | 7.1 | <0.001 | ||
Smoke | Current smoker | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
Ex-smoker | −195.0 | 74.7 | 0.009 | −114.0 | 65.6 | 0.083 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.493 | −55.1 | 106.0 | 0.604 | ||
non-smoker | −206.7 | 98.7 | 0.037 | −43.9 | 86.6 | 0.612 | 0.030 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 202.5 | 139.9 | 0.148 | ||
Blood Nickel level | 1st Quartile | ref | * | ref | * | ref | * | ref | * | |||||
2nd Quartile | −162.2 | 93.9 | 0.085 | −218.2 | 81.5 | 0.008 | −0.025 | 0.010 | 0.009 | −399.0 | 131.9 | 0.003 | ||
3rd Quartile | −283.9 | 94.3 | 0.003 | −257.0 | 81.9 | 0.002 | −0.008 | 0.010 | 0.404 | −328.4 | 132.4 | 0.013 | ||
4th Quartile | −327.6 | 93.9 | 0.001 | −357.1 | 81.5 | <0.001 | −0.031 | 0.010 | 0.002 | −577.2 | 131.9 | <0.001 | ||
Female | Age | 40–49 | 922.6 | 61.0 | <0.001 | 873.4 | 48.8 | <0.001 | 0.055 | 0.008 | <0.001 | 1148.7 | 97.0 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 671.1 | 59.2 | <0.001 | 633.6 | 47.4 | <0.001 | 0.044 | 0.008 | <0.001 | 868.8 | 94.1 | <0.001 | ||
60–69 | 431.7 | 64.1 | <0.001 | 402.9 | 51.3 | <0.001 | 0.028 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 493.6 | 101.9 | <0.001 | ||
70≤ | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||||||
Height (cm) | 53.5 | 2.7 | <0.001 | 41.6 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.642 | 33.5 | 5.0 | <0.001 | ||
Smoke | Current smoker | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
Ex-smoker | 15.7 | 133.6 | 0.907 | 42.1 | 113.5 | 0.711 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.743 | 118.4 | 200.9 | 0.556 | ||
non-smoker | −124.2 | 102.4 | 0.226 | −86.2 | 87.0 | 0.322 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.713 | −75.0 | 154.0 | 0.626 | ||
Blood Nickel level | 1st Quartile | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||||||||
2nd Quartile | 40.6 | 58.4 | 0.487 | 47.8 | 49.5 | 0.335 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.314 | 66.1 | 87.6 | 0.451 | ||
3rd Quartile | 72.1 | 58.4 | 0.218 | 65.6 | 49.5 | 0.185 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.742 | 45.5 | 87.6 | 0.604 | ||
4th Quartile | 30.5 | 58.4 | 0.601 | 10.1 | 49.5 | 0.839 | −0.004 | 0.007 | 0.588 | −30.2 | 87.6 | 0.731 |
Blood Nickel Level | FVC | FEV1 | FEV1/FVC | FEF25–75 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | p for Trend p-Value | Estimate | SE | p for Trend p-Value | Estimate | SE | p for Trend p-Value | Estimate | SE | p for Trend p-Value | |
Male | 0.076 | 0.024 | 0.245 | 0.050 | ||||||||
1st Quartile | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||||
2nd Quartile | −55.2 | 70.0 | 0.430 | −112.5 | 58.7 | 0.056 | −0.019 | 0.009 | 0.038 | −244.9 | 109.5 | 0.026 |
3rd Quartile | −150.4 | 70.4 | 0.033 | −126.6 | 59.1 | 0.033 | −0.001 | 0.009 | 0.992 | −142.6 | 110.1 | 0.196 |
4th Quartile | −101.4 | 71.2 | 0.156 | −138.5 | 59.8 | 0.021 | −0.018 | 0.009 | 0.054 | −266.8 | 111.5 | 0.017 |
Age☓Log-transformed Nickel * | 0.723 | 0.550 | 0.338 | 0.698 | ||||||||
Female | 0.316 | 0.807 | 0.839 | 0.860 | ||||||||
1st Quartile | ref | ref | Ref | ref | ||||||||
2nd Quartile | 19.4 | 41.8 | 0.643 | 36.7 | 35.3 | 0.298 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.161 | 78.5 | 77.8 | 0.314 |
3rd Quartile | 55.8 | 41.8 | 0.183 | 64.7 | 35.2 | 0.067 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.311 | 83.6 | 77.8 | 0.283 |
4th Quartile | 18.3 | 41.9 | 0.663 | 7.7 | 35.3 | 0.828 | −0.001 | 0.006 | 0.946 | −5.5 | 78.0 | 0.943 |
Age☓Log-transformed Nickel * | 0.670 | 0.592 | 0.726 | 0.821 |
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Joh, J.-S.; Kang, M.-Y.; Myong, J.-P. Dose–Response Relationship between Environmental Exposure to Nickel and Pulmonary Function in the Korean General Population Aged 40 or Older. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137016
Joh J-S, Kang M-Y, Myong J-P. Dose–Response Relationship between Environmental Exposure to Nickel and Pulmonary Function in the Korean General Population Aged 40 or Older. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137016
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoh, Joon-Sung, Mo-Yeol Kang, and Jun-Pyo Myong. 2021. "Dose–Response Relationship between Environmental Exposure to Nickel and Pulmonary Function in the Korean General Population Aged 40 or Older" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137016