Nicotine Dependence and Factors Related to Smoking Cessation among Physicians in Estonia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)
3.2. Associations between ND Dependence and Factors Related to Smoking Cessation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Men (n = 62) % | Women (n = 109) % | Total (n = 171) % |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Age (cont.), SD | 52.7 ± 14.0 | 55.5 ± 11.7 | 54.5 ± 12.6 |
Ethnicity | |||
Estonian | 74.2 | 82.6 | 79.5 |
Non-Estonian | 25.8 | 17.4 | 20.5 |
Medical Specialty | |||
Family Physician | 9.7 | 22.9 | 18.1 |
Specialist Doctor | 66.1 | 48.6 | 55.0 |
Dentist | 16.1 | 21.1 | 19.3 |
Other | 8.1 | 7.3 | 7.6 |
FTND Items | FTND Points Per Answer | Men % | Women % | p-Value | Total % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
How Soon after You Wake Up do You Smoke Your First Cigarette? | |||||
In 5 min | 3 | 15.3 | 8.0 | 0.249 | 11.2 |
In 6–30 min | 2 | 29.8 | 39.1 | 35.1 | |
In 31–60 min | 1 | 25.7 | 32.9 | 29.8 | |
Later | 0 | 29.1 | 20.0 | 24.0 | |
How many Cigarettes a Day do You Smoke on Average? | |||||
≤10 | 0 | 42.2 | 57.8 | 0.184 | 51.1 |
11–20 | 1 | 46.0 | 34.7 | 39.6 | |
21–30 | 2 | 10.1 | 6.5 | 8.1 | |
≥31 | 3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | |
Do You Find it Difficult to Refrain from Smoking in the Places Where it is Forbidden (E.G. On The Airplane, in the Cinema)? | |||||
Yes | 1 | 13.6 | 10.2 | 0.617 | 11.7 |
No | 0 | 86.4 | 89.8 | 88.3 | |
Which Cigarette would You Hate Most to Give Up? | |||||
First in the Morning | 1 | 44.8 | 40.9 | 0.872 | 42.6 |
Any Other | 0 | 55.2 | 59.1 | 57.4 | |
Do You Smoke more Frequently During the First Hours after Waking Than During the Rest of the Day? | |||||
Yes | 1 | 28.0 | 11.6 | 0.013 | 18.7 |
No | 0 | 72.0 | 88.4 | 81.3 | |
Do You Smoke if You are so Ill that You are in Bed most of the Day? | |||||
Yes | 1 | 24.8 | 18.4 | 0.552 | 21.2 |
No | 0 | 75.2 | 81.6 | 78.8 |
ND (Score) | Men | Women | p-Value | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (0–3) | 51.6 | 67.8 | 0.107 | 60.8 |
Moderate (4–6) | 41.3 | 26.8 | 33.1 | |
High (7–10) | 7.1 | 5.4 | 6.1 |
Variables | ND (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | At-Least-Moderate | |||
Factors Related to Smoking Cessation | ||||
Age of Smoking Initiation b | - | - | 0.83 (0.74–0.92) | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) |
Desire to Quit | ||||
Yes | 61.8 | 48.4 | 1 | 1 |
No | 15.8 | 35.5 | 2.88 (1.33–6.21) | 1.99 (0.76–5.21) |
Cannot Say | 22.4 | 16.1 | 0.92 (0.40–2.13) | 0.85 (0.31–2.35) |
Motives to Quit | ||||
Personal Health Problems | 68.5 | 66.3 | 1 | 1 |
Wish to Set a good Example | 10.2 | 5.2 | 0.53 (0.16–1.82) | 0.77 (0.19–3.19) |
Other | 6.2 | 17.9 | 3.00 (1.06–8.52) | 2.48 (0.59–10.39) |
Cannot Say | 15.1 | 10.6 | 0.72 (0.28–1.85) | 0.53 (0.19–1.49) |
Previous Quit Attempts | ||||
None | 23.6 | 34.0 | 1 | 1 |
1–2 | 43.9 | 38.9 | 0.61 (0.29–1.31) | 0.56 (0.22–1.40) |
3–4 | 20.6 | 21.7 | 0.73 (0.29–1.82) | 0.70 (0.23–2.07) |
5 and more | 11.9 | 5.4 | 0.32 (0.07–1.30) | 0.27 (0.05–1.44) |
Stress as Main Reason for Relapse | ||||
No | 63.4 | 64.0 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 36.6 | 36.0 | 0.97 (0.50–1.89) | 1.66 (0.73–3.77) |
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Põld, M.; Pärna, K. Nicotine Dependence and Factors Related to Smoking Cessation among Physicians in Estonia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093217
Põld M, Pärna K. Nicotine Dependence and Factors Related to Smoking Cessation among Physicians in Estonia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093217
Chicago/Turabian StylePõld, Mariliis, and Kersti Pärna. 2020. "Nicotine Dependence and Factors Related to Smoking Cessation among Physicians in Estonia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093217