Will Buying Follow Others Ease Their Threat of Death? An Analysis of Consumer Data during the Period of COVID-19 in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
2.1. Terror Management Theory and Threat of Death
2.2. Informational Conformity Consumer Behavior
2.3. Need to Belong
2.4. Materialism
2.5. Perceived Social Support
3. Methods
3.1. Survey Participants
3.2. Measure
3.3. Analytical Process
4. Results
4.1. Measurement Model
4.2. Direct Effect Test
4.3. Indirect Effect Test
4.4. Moderating Effect Test
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Contribution
5.2. Managerial Implications
5.3. Limitations and Direction for Further Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Items Used in Measures of Variables in the Model |
---|
Threat of death (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree; α = 0.732) |
What do you think is the risk of contracting COVID-2019 |
How scared you are of a COVID-2019 |
How much are you isolated |
Information conformity consumer behavior (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree; α = 0.744) |
To make sure I buy the right product or brand, I often observe what others are buying and using. |
If I have little experience with a product, I often ask my friends about the product |
I frequently gather information from friends or family about a product before I buy. |
Need to belong (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree; α = 0.686) |
I do not like being alone |
My feelings are easily hurt when I feel that others do not accept me |
It bothers me a great deal when I am not included in other people’s plans |
Materialism (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree; α = 0.860) |
I admire people who own expensive homes, cars and clothes. |
Some of the most important achievements in life include acquiring material possessions. |
My life would be better if I owned certain things I do not have |
I like to own things that impress people |
The things I own say a lot about how well I am doing in life. |
Buying things gives me a lot of pleasure |
I have all the things I really need to enjoy life (R) |
I would be happier if I could afford to buy more things. |
Perceived social support (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree; α = 0.839) |
I can talk about my problems with my family |
My family is willing to help me make decisions |
My friends really try to help me |
I can count on my friends when things go wrong |
There is a special person who is around when I am in need |
I have a special person who is a real source of comfort tome |
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Variable Name | Item | Unstandardized Factor Loading | Standard Error | T-Value | p | Standardized Factor Loading | C.R. | AVE | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Death Threat (DT) | DT1 | 1 | 0.759 | 0.745 | 0.504 | 0.732 | |||
DT2 | 1.057 | 0.060 | 17.477 | *** | 0.825 | ||||
DT3 | 0.472 | 0.029 | 16.391 | *** | 0.504 | ||||
Informational Conformity Consumption Behavior (ICCB) | ICCB1 | 1 | 0.623 | 0.750 | 0.502 | 0.744 | |||
ICCB2 | 1.170 | 0.064 | 18.138 | *** | 0.789 | ||||
ICCB3 | 1.139 | 0.061 | 18.653 | *** | 0.704 | ||||
Materialism (MA) | MA1 | 1 | 0.696 | 0.861 | 0.439 | 0.860 | |||
MA2 | 0.819 | 0.037 | 22.173 | *** | 0.639 | ||||
MA3 | 0.989 | 0.038 | 25.818 | *** | 0.745 | ||||
MA4 | 0.743 | 0.037 | 20.321 | *** | 0.607 | ||||
MA5 | 0.835 | 0.038 | 22.099 | *** | 0.644 | ||||
MA6 | 1.068 | 0.043 | 24.853 | *** | 0.761 | ||||
MA7 | 0.846 | 0.038 | 22.531 | *** | 0.676 | ||||
MA8 | 0.630 | 0.036 | 17.325 | *** | 0.498 | ||||
Need to Belong (NB) | NB1 | 1 | 0.409 | 0.675 | 0.424 | 0.686 | |||
NB2 | 2.163 | 0.172 | 12.554 | *** | 0.780 | ||||
NB3 | 2.153 | 0.172 | 12.537 | *** | 0.781 | ||||
Perceived Social Support (PSS) | PSS1 | 1 | 0.683 | 0.839 | 0.465 | 0.839 | |||
PSS2 | 1.080 | 0.046 | 23.706 | *** | 0.711 | ||||
PSS3 | 0.974 | 0.049 | 19.803 | *** | 0.641 | ||||
PSS4 | 0.956 | 0.048 | 19.942 | *** | 0.649 | ||||
PSS5 | 1.082 | 0.046 | 23.571 | *** | 0.730 | ||||
PSS6 | 1.024 | 0.047 | 21.783 | *** | 0.674 | ||||
Model Fit | Chi-square = 682.245, df =113, Chi-square /df = 6.038, CFI = 0.930, TLI = 0.915, NFI = 0.917, RMSEA = 0.059. |
Mean | Standard Deviation | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DT | 3.9202 | 1.2337 | 0.710 | ||||
MA | 2.9783 | 0.7639 | 0.224 *** | 0.663 | |||
NB | 3.1936 | 0.7742 | 0.236 *** | 0.431 *** | 0.651 | ||
ICCB | 2.8674 | 0.8877 | 0.324 *** | 0.288 *** | 0.252 *** | 0.708 | |
PSS | 3.6432 | 0.7121 | 0.063 * | −0.059 * | 0.138 *** | 0.124 *** | 0.682 |
Path | Estimate | S.E. | T-Value | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
DT—>NB | 0.411 | 0.050 | 8.262 | *** |
DT—>MA | 0.125 | 0.029 | 4.369 | *** |
NB—>MA | 0.330 | 0.027 | 12.083 | *** |
DT—>ICCB | 0.396 | 0.047 | 8.381 | *** |
MA—>ICCB | 0.230 | 0.053 | 4.341 | *** |
NB—>ICCB | 0.119 | 0.036 | 3.294 | *** |
Path | Effect | Point Estimate | Coefficient | Bootstrapping | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias-Corrected 95% CI | Percentile 95% CI | ||||||||
SE | Z | p | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
DT—>ICCB | Total effect | 0.505 | 0.059 | 8.559 | *** | 0.403 | 0.628 | 0.401 | 0.626 |
Indirect effect | 0.109 | 0.020 | 5.450 | *** | 0.077 | 0.157 | 0.073 | 0.153 | |
Direct effect | 0.396 | 0.055 | 7.200 | *** | 0.300 | 0.509 | 0.301 | 0.515 | |
DT—>MA | Total effect | 0.261 | 0.041 | 6.366 | *** | 0.188 | 0.354 | 0.184 | 0.342 |
Indirect effect | 0.136 | 0.022 | 6.182 | *** | 0.096 | 0.184 | 0.096 | 0.184 | |
Direct effect | 0.125 | 0.034 | 3.676 | ** | 0.064 | 0.197 | 0.060 | 0.190 | |
NB—>ICCB | Total effect | 0.195 | 0.035 | 5.571 | *** | 0.129 | 0.271 | 0.124 | 0.266 |
Indirect effect | 0.076 | 0.021 | 3.619 | *** | 0.039 | 0.121 | 0.038 | 0.118 | |
Direct effect | 0.119 | 0.042 | 2.833 | ** | 0.038 | 0.207 | 0.035 | 0.205 |
Variable Name | ICCB | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | M2 | M3 | ||||
β | T | β | T | β | T | |
DT | 0.324 *** | 13.066 | 0.318 *** | 12.848 | −0.067 | −0.569 |
PSS | 0.104 *** | 4.211 | −0.125 | −1.715 | ||
DT × PSS | 0.467 ** | 3.343 | ||||
R2 | 0.105 | 0.116 | 0.123 | |||
Adjust R2 | 0.105 | 0.115 | 0.121 | |||
ΔR2 | 0.105 | 0.011 | 0.007 | |||
F charge | 170.716 | 17.737 | 11.176 |
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Song, W.; Jin, X.; Gao, J.; Zhao, T. Will Buying Follow Others Ease Their Threat of Death? An Analysis of Consumer Data during the Period of COVID-19 in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093215
Song W, Jin X, Gao J, Zhao T. Will Buying Follow Others Ease Their Threat of Death? An Analysis of Consumer Data during the Period of COVID-19 in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093215
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Wei, Xiaotong Jin, Jian Gao, and Taiyang Zhao. 2020. "Will Buying Follow Others Ease Their Threat of Death? An Analysis of Consumer Data during the Period of COVID-19 in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093215