Removal of 1,4-Naphthoquinone by Birnessite-Catalyzed Oxidation: Effect of Phenolic Mediators and the Reaction Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. 1,4-NPQ and Birnessite
2.2. 1,4-NPQ Removal Experiments
2.3. Analytical Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Phenolic Mediators on the Efficiency of 1,4-NPQ Removal by Birnessite
3.2. Cross-Coupling Reaction of 1,4-NPQ by Birnessite in the Presence of CAT
3.3. 1,4-NPQ Removal by Birnessite-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Distinct Reaction Stages
3.3.1. Effect of Birnessite Loading
3.3.2. Effect of CAT Loading and Reaction Sequence
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phenolic Mediator | RT (min) a | Efficiency (%) b | Kinetic Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
k1 c (× 10−1, h−1) | k2 d (× 10−1, h−1) | ||||
None (control) e | - | 1.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
δ-MnO2 only f | - | 9.8 ± 0.8 (3.0) | 0.28 (0.81) | 0.03 (0.89) | |
Diphenol | Catechol (CAT) | 1.83 | 100 ± 0.3 (82.3) | 7.33 (0.98) | 4.83 (0.98) |
Hydroquinone (HQ) | 2.18 | 100 ± 0.4 (65.0) | 6.11 (0.98) | 4.08 (0.98) | |
Resorcinol (RES) | 1.75 | 100 ± 0.8 (46.7) | 3.80 (0.98) | 3.66 (0.98) | |
Methoxy phenol | 4-Methoxyphenol (4-MeP) | 2.25 | 99.8 ± 0.4 (47.6) | 4.00 (0.98) | 4.03 (0.99) |
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DiMeP) | 2.36 | 99.9 ± 0.5 (71.6) | 6.57 (0.98) | 6.16 (0.98) | |
Acidic phenol | Syringic acid (SyA) | 2.61 | 77.6 ± 1.2 (15.9) | 0.71 (0.96) | 0.64 (1.00) |
Vanillic acid (VA) | 2.38 | 79.5 ± 0.5 (22.6) | 1.18 (0.97) | 1.11 (1.00) | |
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DiHBA) | 2.33 | 94.9 ± 0.7 (38.7) | 2.44 (0.97) | 1.51 (1.00) | |
Ferulic acid (FA) | 2.46 | 93.6 ± 0.8 (15.5) | 0.75 (0.98) | 0.59 (1.00) | |
Aldehyde phenol | Syringic aldehyde (SyAl) | 2.61 | 98.1 ± 1.2 (27.3) | 1.56 (0.98) | 1.60 (1.00) |
Vanillin (Val) | 2.25 | 87.8 ± 1.1 (16.4) | 0.79 (0.96) | 0.80 (1.00) |
Birnessite loading (g L−1) a | ||||
0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |
k1 (h−1) b | 00.608 | 00.651 | 0.723 | 0.731 |
r2 | 00.990 | 00.990 | 0.990 | 0.990 |
t1/2 (h) | 01.140 | 01.060 | 0.960 | 0.950 |
k2 (h−1) c | 00.041 | 00.063 | 0.143 | 0.304 |
r2 | 00.990 | 00.990 | 0.990 | 0.990 |
t1/2 (h) | 16.900 | 11.000 | 4.850 | 2.280 |
Ksurf (L m−2 h−1) d | 6.36 × 10−4 | |||
CAT loading (mM) e | ||||
0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 | |
k1 (h−1) b | 00.631 | 00.711 | 0.847 | 0.997 |
r2 | 00.990 | 00.980 | 0.990 | 0.980 |
t1/2 (h) | 01.100 | 00.990 | 0.820 | 0.700 |
Kcat (L mM−1 h−1) f | 0.383 | |||
k2 (h−1) c | 00.154 | 00.144 | 0.156 | 0.133 |
r2 | 00.960 | 00.960 | 0.980 | 0.980 |
t1/2 (h) | 04.500 | 04.810 | 4.440 | 5.210 |
Birnessite Loading (g L−1) a | Reaction Sequence | k1 (h−1) b | r2 | t1/2 (h) | k2 (h−1) c | r2 | t1/2 (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | Batch 1 d | 0.847 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 0.156 | 0.94 | 4.44 |
Batch 2 e | 0.389 | 0.96 | 1.78 | 0.159 | 0.95 | 4.35 | |
1.0 | Batch 1 d | 0.935 | 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.298 | 0.94 | 2.33 |
Batch 2 e | 0.555 | 0.97 | 1.25 | 0.274 | 0.95 | 2.53 |
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Lee, H.-S.; Hur, J.; Lee, D.-H.; Schlautman, M.A.; Shin, H.-S. Removal of 1,4-Naphthoquinone by Birnessite-Catalyzed Oxidation: Effect of Phenolic Mediators and the Reaction Pathway. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4853. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134853
Lee H-S, Hur J, Lee D-H, Schlautman MA, Shin H-S. Removal of 1,4-Naphthoquinone by Birnessite-Catalyzed Oxidation: Effect of Phenolic Mediators and the Reaction Pathway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4853. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134853
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Han-Saem, Jin Hur, Doo-Hee Lee, Mark A. Schlautman, and Hyun-Sang Shin. 2020. "Removal of 1,4-Naphthoquinone by Birnessite-Catalyzed Oxidation: Effect of Phenolic Mediators and the Reaction Pathway" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4853. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134853