Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurement of the Family Support Network (FSN)
2.4. Evaluation of the FSN Size
2.5. Anthropometric Evaluation
2.6. Neonatal Characteristics
2.7. Sociodemographic Data
2.8. Dietary Evaluation
2.9. Ethical Considerations
2.10. Statistical Analysis
2.11. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Data
3.2. Family Support Network
3.3. Dietary Evaluation
3.4. Evaluation of the Newborn
4. Discussion
4.1. Family Support Network Members
4.2. Family Support Network Size
4.3. Gestational Weigh Gain and Birth Weight
4.4. Implications of the Study
4.5. Limitations and Strengths of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body mass index |
CI | Confidence interval |
FSN | Family support network |
OR | Odds ratio |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Characteristics | Q1 (n = 136) | Q2 (n = 84) | Q3 (n = 59) | Q4 (n = 73) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) * | 15.3 ± 1 | 15.6 ± 1 | 15.7 ± 1 | 15.4 ± 1 | 0.360 |
Age of menarche (years) * | 11.7 ± 1 | 11.7 ± 1 | 11.5 ± 1 | 11.9 ± 2 | 0.450 |
Gynaecological age (years) * | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1 | 0.900 |
Level of education ** | 0.320 | ||||
<9 years | 117 (86) | 65 (77) | 44 (79) | 60 (85) | |
≥9 years | 19 (14) | 19 (23) | 12 (21) | 11 (15) | |
Partner’s occupation ** | 0.650 | ||||
Student | 38 (29) | 21 (27) | 12 (23) | 13 (20) | |
Working | 69 (52) | 46 (60) | 32 (62) | 43 (66) | |
Other | 24 (18) | 10 (13) | 8 (15) | 9 (14) | |
Marital status (n = 341) ** | 0.016 | ||||
Single | 88 (66) | 47 (57) | 23 (42) | 35 (51) | |
Married/cohabiting | 46 (34) | 36 (43) | 32 (58) | 34 (49) | |
Number of persons living in the household ** | <0.001 | ||||
0–2 | 59 (43) | 17 (21) | 13 (23) | 13 (18) | |
3–4 | 51 (38) | 44 (52) | 26 (46) | 33 (46) | |
5–24 | 26 (19) | 23 (27) | 17 (30) | 25 (35) | |
Prenatal care initiation (weeks) * | 19 ± 6 | 19 ± 6 | 19 ± 5 | 18 ± 6 | |
Prenatal care initiation (by trimester) ** | |||||
First | 23 (17) | 16 (19) | 11 (20) | 15 (21) | 0.790 |
Second | 107 (79) | 65 (77) | 40 (71) | 53 (75) | |
Third | 6 (4) | 3 (4) | 5 (9) | 3 (4) |
Characteristics | Q1 (n = 136) | Q2 (n = 84) | Q3 (n = 59) | Q4 (n = 73) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | |||||
Pre-gestational weight (kg) | 51.2 ± 7.9 | 52.2 ± 8.8 | 52.5 ± 7.5 | 52.0 ± 7.6 | 0.670 |
Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 3.3 | 21.8 ± 3.9 | 21.7 ± 3.3 | 21.5 ± 3.3 | 0.640 |
Energy intake (Kcal) | 2035 ± 572 | 2127 ± 573 | 2124 ± 513 | 2300 ± 592 | 0.020 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39 ± 1 | 39 ± 1 | 38 ± 2 | 39 ± 1 | 0.540 |
Total gestational weight gain (kg) | 12.8 ± 4.9 | 13.1 ± 6.0 | 11.8 ± 4.6 | 13.0 ± 4.9 | 0.054 |
Newborns | |||||
Gender * | |||||
Girl | 74 (54) | 47 (56) | 32 (57) | 34 (48) | 0.690 |
Boy | 62 (46) | 37 (44) | 24 (43) | 37 (52) | |
Birth weight (g) | 2897 ± 456 | 2964 ± 396 | 2790 ± 483 | 2914 ± 440 | 0.150 |
Birth weight for gestational age (z-score) | −0.62 ± 0.9 | −0.46 ± 1.0 | −0.83 ± 0.8 | −0.59 ± 0.84 | 0.120 |
Birth length for gestational age (z-score) † | −0.35 ± 0.8 | −0.2 ± 1.0 | −0.55 ± 0.9 | −0.39 ± 0.88 | 0.140 |
Head circumference (cm) | 33.2 ± 1.4 | 33.1 ± 1.7 | 33.0 ± 1.3 | 33.9 ± 2.0 | 0.700 |
Odds ratio | p-value | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 * | |||
Quartile 1 | 1.23 | 0.60 | 0.57–2.67 |
Quartile 2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.42–2.39 |
Quartile 3 | 3.03 | 0.01 | 1.30–7.0 |
Quartile 4 | Reference | ||
Model 2 ** | |||
Quartile 1 | 1.1 | 0.81 | 0.49–2.44 |
Quartile 2 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.36–2.20 |
Quartile 3 | 2.99 | 0.01 | 1.25–7.15 |
Quartile 4 | Reference |
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Share and Cite
Sámano, R.; Martínez-Rojano, H.; Chico-Barba, G.; Sánchez-Jiménez, B.; Illescas-Zarate, D.; Rodríguez-Ventura, A.L. Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071222
Sámano R, Martínez-Rojano H, Chico-Barba G, Sánchez-Jiménez B, Illescas-Zarate D, Rodríguez-Ventura AL. Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071222
Chicago/Turabian StyleSámano, Reyna, Hugo Martínez-Rojano, Gabriela Chico-Barba, Bernarda Sánchez-Jiménez, Daniel Illescas-Zarate, and Ana Lilia Rodríguez-Ventura. 2019. "Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071222