Variations in Parent and Teacher Ratings of Internalizing, Externalizing, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Selective Mutism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Selective Mutism and Comorbidities
1.2. Anxiety and Disorders Related to Selective Mutism
1.3. Differentiating Shyness from Selective Mutism
1.4. Parents and Teachers as Informants for Selective Mutism
1.5. Discrepancies between Parents and Teachers
1.6. Aims of This Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Are there Significant Differences between Parents and Teachers of Children with SM on Composite Scales of Internalization, Externalization, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-3)?
3.2. What Is the Relationship between Parent and Teacher Ratings on Withdrawal, Anxiety, Social Skills, and Functional Communication of the BASC-3 and Frequency of Speaking in Various Settings Based on the Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ)?
3.3. What Is the Relationship between Parent and Teacher Ratings on Adaptive Skills of the BASC-3 (Adaptability, Social Skills, Functional Communication, Leadership, Study Skills, and Activities of Daily Living) and Standardized Measures of Receptive Vocabulary (PPVT-4), Expressive Vocabulary (EVT-2), Comprehension and Production of Narrative Language for Stories (TNL-2), and Auditory Serial Memory (TAPS-3 Numbers Forward and Reversed)?
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measures Mean = 50 (SD = 10) | Parents Mean (SD) | Teachers Mean (SD) | t | p | d Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internalizing | 53.00 (11.21) | 50.27 (7.69) | t (25) = 1.16 | 0.258 | 0.28 small |
Externalizing | 45.15 (9.54) | 42.54 (4.41) | t (25) = 1.36 | 0.186 | 0.35 small |
Adaptive Skills | 41.77 (8.58) | 42.46 (8.42) | t (25) = −0.348 | 0.731 | 0.08 none |
Behavioral Symptoms | 54.58 (8.14) | 47.77 (4.96) | t (25) = 4.12 | 0.000 ** | 1.01 large |
Questionnaire Scales | Mean (SD) n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. SMQ School Range 0–3 | 0.82/3.0 (0.68) 31 | |||||||||||
2. SMQ Home Range 0–3 | 2.0/3.0 (0.59) 31 | −0.01 | ||||||||||
3. SMQ Social Range 0–3 | 0.51/3.0 (0.54) 31 | 0.49 ** | −0.40 ** | |||||||||
4. Withdr (Parent) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 76.24 (14.15) 38 | −0.32 * | −0.15 | −0.46 ** | ||||||||
5. Withdr (Teacher) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 65.64 (11.08) 28 | −0.46 ** | 0.26 | −0.28 | 0.34 * | |||||||
6. Social Skills (P) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 39.24 (8.77) 38 | −0.19 | 0.20 | 0.09 | −0.17 | 0.07 | ||||||
7. Social Skills (T) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 38.32 (7.61) 28 | 0.52 ** | −0.10 | 0.23 | 0.01 | −0.22 | 0.05 | |||||
8. Funct Comm (P) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 39.11 (10.35) 38 | −0.07 | 0.23 | 0.10 | −0.09 | 0.04 | 0.50 ** | 0.13 | ||||
9. Func Comm (T) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 36.96 (12.16) 28 | 0.23 | −0.01 | 0.12 | 0.08 | −0.24 | 0.09 | 0.45 ** | 0.10 | |||
10. Anx (P) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 57.32 (15.28) 38 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.25 * | 0.27 | 0.11 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.03 | ||
11. Anx (T) M = 50 (SD = 10) | T = 55.93 (10.89) 28 | −0.24 | 0.14 | −0.13 | 0.24 | 0.51 ** | 0.13 | −0.15 | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.28 * |
Measure Mean (SD) | Parent Rating Mean (SD) | Teacher Rating Mean (SD) | t | p | d Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Withdrawal M = 50 (10) | 74.81 (14.89) | 65.63 (11.29) | t (26) = 3.26 | 0.003 ** | 0.69 medium |
Anxiety M = 50 (10) | 55.48 (12.58) | 56.07 (11.07) | t (26) = 2.29 | 0.821 | 0.05 none |
Social Skills M = 50 (10) | 38.41 (7.99) | 37.85 (7.33) | t (26) = 2.75 | 0.786 | 0.07 none |
Functional Communication M = 50 (10) | 40.52 (10.86) | 36.81 (12.36) | t (26) = 1.29 | 0.206 | 0.32 small |
Measure Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.PPVT Rec M = 100 (15) | 99.29 (16.91) 41 | ||||||||
2. EVT Exp M = 100 (15) | 99.66 (17.24) 38 | 0.52 ** | |||||||
3. TNL Comp M = 10 (3) | 9.41 (3.69) 34 | 0.37 ** | 0.47 ** | ||||||
4. TNL Prod M = 10 (3) | 8.06 (3.85) 34 | 0.30 * | 0.30 * | 0.40 ** | |||||
5. TAPS For M = 10 (3) | 9.54 (3.31) 35 | 0.35 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.22 | ||||
6. TAPS Rev M = 10 (3) | 8.73 (4.13) 33 | 0.36 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.24 | 0.56 ** | |||
7. Adapt (P) M = 50 (10) | 40.76 (8.79) 37 | 0.10 | 0.17 | −0.01 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.14 | ||
8. Adapt (T) M = 50 (10) | 42.56 (8.27) 27 | 0.34 * | 0.42 ** | 0.51 ** | 0.20 | 0.63 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.23 |
Measure Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Withdr(T) M = 50 (10) | 65.64 (11.08) 28 | ||||||||||||||
2. Anxiety(T) M = 50 (10) | 55.93 (10.89) 28 | 0.51 ** | |||||||||||||
3. SocSkill(T) M = 50 (10) | 38.32 (7.61) 28 | −0.22 | −0.15 | ||||||||||||
4. FComm(T) M = 50 (10) | 36.96 (12.16) 28 | −0.24 | −0.12 | −0.45 ** | |||||||||||
5. Withdr(P) M = 50 (10) | 76.24 (14.15) 38 | 0.34 * | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.08 | ||||||||||
6. Anxiety(P) M = 50 (10) | 57.32 (15.28) 38 | 0.27 | 0.28 * | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.25 * | |||||||||
7. SocSkill(P) M = 50 (10) | 39.24 (8.77) 38 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.09 | −0.17 | 0.11 | ||||||||
8. FComm(P) M = 50 (10) | 39.11 (10.35) 38 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.10 | −0.09 | −0.09 | 0.50 ** | |||||||
9. PPVT M = 100 (15) | 99.29 (16.91) 41 | −0.34 * | −0.08 | 0.28 * | 0.10 | −0.08 | −0.17 | −0.02 | 0.15 | ||||||
10. EVT M = 100 (15) | 99.66 (17.24) 41 | −0.25 | −0.20 | 0.21 | 0.13 | −0.17 | −0.15 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.52 ** | |||||
11. TNLc M = 10 (3) | 9.41 (3.69) 34 | −0.28 | −0.27 | 0.33 * | 0.13 | 0.09 | −.08 | −0.20 | 0.01 | 0.37 ** | 0.47 ** | ||||
12. TNLp M = 10 (3) | 8.06 (3.85) 34 | −.24 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.05 | −0.24 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.30 * | 0.30 * | 0.40 ** | |||
13. TAPSf M = 10 (3) | 9.54 (3.31) 35 | −0.37 * | −20 | 0.38 * | 0.17 | 0.04 | −0.12 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.35 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.22 | ||
14. TAPSr M = 10 (3) | 8.73 (4.13) 33 | −0.26 | −0.03 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.09 | −0.13 | −0.07 | 0.14 | 0.36 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.24 | 0.56 ** |
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Klein, E.R.; Ruiz, C.E.; Morales, K.; Stanley, P. Variations in Parent and Teacher Ratings of Internalizing, Externalizing, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Selective Mutism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214070
Klein ER, Ruiz CE, Morales K, Stanley P. Variations in Parent and Teacher Ratings of Internalizing, Externalizing, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Selective Mutism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214070
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlein, Evelyn R., Cesar E. Ruiz, Kylee Morales, and Paige Stanley. 2019. "Variations in Parent and Teacher Ratings of Internalizing, Externalizing, Adaptive Skills, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children with Selective Mutism" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214070