Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Sample Collection and Analytical Determinations
2.3. Covariates Gathered by the Questionnaires
- 1 = thinness of 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree;
- 2 = normal weight;
- 3 = overweight;
- 4 = obesity.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Reference Values of u-Cotinine Levels
3.3. The Contribution of the Covariates on u-Cotinine Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Descriptives in % If Not Stated Otherwise (N) | |
---|---|---|
Age | Mean 8.60 (standard deviation 1.38) | |
Gender | Male | 54.7 (N = 180) |
Female | 45.3 (149) | |
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke | Not exposed | 63.6 (N = 208) |
exposed | 36.4 (N = 119) | |
Ponderal status according to body mass index | Thinness of 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree | 9.2 (N = 26) |
Normal weight | 67.7 (N = 191) | |
Overweight | 18.4 (N = 52) | |
Obesity | 4.6 (N = 13) | |
Maternal education (years) | Basic (≤9 years) | 14.1 (N = 46) |
Upper secondary (≤14 years) | 44.8 (N = 146) | |
Tertiary/higher (≥17 years) | 41.1 (N = 134) | |
Paternal education (years) | Basic (≤9 years) | 20.7 (N = 66) |
Upper secondary (≤14 years) | 41.4 (N = 132) | |
Tertiary/higher (≥17 years) | 37.9 (N = 121) |
Variable | 2.5th | 50th | 97.5th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Evening sampling Not exposed to ETS | All children | 0.98 | 1.97 1,7 | 4.29 |
Male | 0.98 | 1.92 2 | 4.36 | |
Female | 0.93 | 2.03 2 | 4.04 | |
Evening sampling Exposed to ETS | All children | 1.39 | 3.66 1,8 | 16.34 |
Male | 1.34 | 3.63 3 | 14.14 | |
Female | 1.52 | 3.66 3 | 17.03 | |
Morning sampling Not exposed to ETS | All children | 0.91 | 1.83 4,7 | 4.50 |
Male | 1.04 | 1.83 5 | 4.39 | |
Female | 0.86 | 1.83 5 | 4.36 | |
Morning sampling Exposed to ETS | All children | 1.49 | 3.97 4,8 | 20.95 |
Male | 1.35 | 4.05 6 | 19.07 | |
Female | 1.61 | 3.78 6 | 21.36 |
Variable | 2.5th | 50th | 97.5th | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Evening sampling Not exposed to ETS | All children | 0.85 | 2.20 1,7 | 5.41 |
Male | 0.89 | 2.09 2 | 5.18 | |
Female | 0.79 | 2.32 2 | 7.08 | |
Evening sampling Exposed to ETS | All children | 1.33 | 4.35 1,8 | 22.88 |
Male | 1.38 | 4.27 3 | 27.75 | |
Female | 0.98 | 4.74 3 | 22.37 | |
Morning sampling Not exposed to ETS | All children | 0.84 | 1.75 4,7 | 4.39 |
Male | 0.80 | 1.65 5 | 4.55 | |
Female | 0.84 | 1.83 5 | 4.39 | |
Morning sampling Exposed to ETS | All children | 1.07 | 3.93 4,8 | 20.18 |
Male | 1.05 | 3.89 6 | 19.67 | |
Female | 1.06 | 4.05 6 | 21.37 |
Variable | u-Creatinine Spearman’s rho (p-Value) | Age Spearman’s rho (p-Value) | |
---|---|---|---|
Evening samples Not exposed to ETS | u-cotinine | 0.291 (<0.000) | −0.004 (0.959) |
u-creatinine | 0.131 (0.059) | ||
Morning samples Not exposed to ETS | u-cotinine | 0.301 (0.001) | −0.057 (0.418) |
u-creatinine | 0.125 (0.073) | ||
Evening samples Exposed to ETS | u-cotinine | 0.199 (0.030) | 0.086 (0.363) |
u-creatinine | 0.172 (0.066) | ||
Morning samples Exposed to ETS | u-cotinine | 0.084 (0.362) | 0.121 (0.196) |
u-creatinine | 0.172 (0.066) |
Variable | Evening Samples Median [IQR] GM [GSD] 1 | p-Value | Morning Samples Median [IQR] GM [GSD] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ponderal status according to BMI | Thinness of 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree and normal weight | 2.17 [1.52] 2.35 [0.53] | 0.001 | 2.00 [0.58] 2.34 [0.59] | 0.009 |
Overweight and obesity | 2.73 [2.23] 3.09 [0.68] | 2.77 [2.93] 2.96 [0.74] | |||
Maternal education (years) | Until to upper secondary (≤14 years) | 2.46 [2.39] 2.89 [0.65] | <0.001 | 2.40 [2.91] 2.92 [0.73] | <0.001 |
Tertiary/higher (≥17 years) | 2.07 [2.09] 2.14 [0.47] | 1.93 [0.81] 2.06 [0.49] | |||
Paternal education (years) | Until to upper secondary (≤14 years) | 2.44 [2.44] 2.88 [0.67] | <0.001 | 2.35 [2.82] 2.88 [0.75] | <0.001 |
Tertiary/higher (≥17 years) | 2.09 [1.04] 2.10 [0.41] | 1.95 [0.81] 2.03 [0.41] |
Variable | Evening Samples Median [IQR] GM [GSD] 1 | p-Value | Morning Samples Median [IQR] GM [GSD] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ponderal status according to BMI | Thinness of 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree and normal weight | 2.55 [2.05] 2.71 [0.61] | 0.131 | 2.02 [1.71] 2.24 [0.62] | 0.004 |
Overweight and obesity | 2.86 [3.02] 3.17 [0.77] | 2.83 [2.76] 2.96 [0.73] | |||
Maternal education (years) | Until to upper secondary (≤14 years) | 2.97 [3.06] 3.16 [0.75] | 0.002 | 2.47 [2.86] 2.77 [0.73] | 0.001 |
Tertiary/higher (≥17 years) | 2.43 [1.60] 2.48 [0.53] | 1.88 [1.44] 2.06 [0.52] | |||
Paternal education (years) | Until to upper secondary (≤14 years) | 2.91 [3.07] 3.17 [0.74] | 0.002 | 2.41 [2.70] 2.74 [0.74] | 0.001 |
Tertiary/higher (≥17 years) | 2.41 [1.51] 2.39 [0.51] | 1.88 [1.46] 1.969 [0.45] |
Independent Variable | B (Regression Coefficient) | Standard Error | (Regression Standardized Coefficient) | p-Value | Adjusted R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evening samples | Constant | 0.358 | 0.078 | - | <0.001 | 0.380 |
Exposure to ETS | 0.726 | 0.059 | 0.594 | <0.001 | ||
u-creatinine | 0.304 | 0.071 | 0.207 | <0.001 | ||
Morning samples | Constant | 0.311 | 0.089 | - | 0.001 | 0.451 |
Exposure to ETS | 0.852 | 0.061 | 0.641 | <0.001 | ||
u-creatinine | 0.259 | 0.075 | 0.158 | 0.001 |
Independent Variable | B (Regression Coefficient) | Standard Error | (Regression Standardized Coefficient) | p-Value | Adjusted R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evening samples | Constant | 0.954 | 0.168 | - | <0.001 | 0.131 |
Ponderal status according to BMI | 0.272 | 0.131 | 0.202 | 0.041 | ||
Paternal education (years) | −0.423 | 0.162 | −0.258 | 0.010 | ||
u-creatinine | 0.429 | 0.169 | 0.253 | 0.013 | ||
Morning samples | Constant | 1.112 | 0.209 | - | <0.001 | 0.089 |
Ponderal status according to BMI | 0.239 | 0.143 | 0.169 | 0.039 | ||
Paternal education (years) | −0.536 | 0.176 | −0.013 | 0.003 | ||
u-creatinine | 0.386 | 0.177 | 0.224 | 0.031 |
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Protano, C.; Andreoli, R.; Mutti, A.; Manigrasso, M.; Avino, P.; Vitali, M. Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040817
Protano C, Andreoli R, Mutti A, Manigrasso M, Avino P, Vitali M. Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040817
Chicago/Turabian StyleProtano, Carmela, Roberta Andreoli, Antonio Mutti, Maurizio Manigrasso, Pasquale Avino, and Matteo Vitali. 2018. "Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040817
APA StyleProtano, C., Andreoli, R., Mutti, A., Manigrasso, M., Avino, P., & Vitali, M. (2018). Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040817