On the Neuroprotective Role of Astaxanthin: New Perspectives?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brain Processes Involved in Neurodegeneration and Protective Effects of Carotenoids
3. Astaxanthin against Cognitive Disorders
4. Astaxanthin against Alzheimer Disease (AD)
5. Astaxanthin against Parkinson Disease (PD)
6. Astaxanthin against Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
7. Astaxanthin against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion (IR)
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Effect | Concentration | Target | Disease | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mice | Anti-inflammatory | 25 mg/Kg/day | NF-κB, TNF-α | Cognitive impairment | [17] |
SH-SY5Y cells | Anti-apoptotic | 1 to 20 µM | 6-OHDA, Casp3, Casp9, PARP | Not specific disease | [18] |
PC12 cells | Antioxidant | 5, 10, 20 μM | NOX2, NFR2, HO-1 Sp1/NR1 | Not specific disease | [19,20] |
Rats | Cell regeneration | 20 mg/Kg/day | GFAP, MAP-2, BDNF, GAP-43 SOD, GSH, | Not specific disease | [21] |
Rats | Neuroprotective | 25 mg/kg | Not investigated | Cognitive disorders | [22] |
Human | Antioxidant | 6 or 12 mg/d | PLOOH | Dementia | [23] |
Rats | Anti-inflammatory | 1, 10 or 100 mg/Kg | TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β | AD | [24] |
BV-2 cells | Anti-inflammatory | 50 µM | p-IKKα, p-IκBα, NF-κB p65, IL-6, MAPK | AD | [25] |
Mice | Antioxidant | 2 mg/kg | SOD, GSH, MDA, APOP | AD | [26] |
PC12 cells | Antioxidant | 0.1 µM | Bax, IL-1β, TNFα, NF-κB | AD | [27] |
Primary hippocampal neurons | Antioxidant | 0.1 µM | NFATc4, RyR2 | AD | [28] |
Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) | Pro-proliferative | 5 and 10 ng/mL | PI3K, MEK, CDK2 | AD | [29,30] |
Mice | Neuroprotective | 3 mg/kg | TH, IBA-1 | PD | [4] |
SH-SY5Y cells | Antioxidant | 100 nM | PARP, CYTc | PD | [31] |
Motor neurons | Antioxidant | 100 nM | SOD1 | ALS | [32] |
SH-SY5Y cells and Rats | Neuroprotective | 10 to 50 µM (cells) 30 mg/kg (rats) | iNOS, HSPs | IR | [33] |
Mice | Neuroprotective | 20 mg/kg | GHS, SOD, Cyt C, Casp3 | IR | [34] |
Rats | Neuroprotective | 10 mg/Kg | SOD, MVA, Nef2, HO-1, NQO1 | IR | [35] |
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Galasso, C.; Orefice, I.; Pellone, P.; Cirino, P.; Miele, R.; Ianora, A.; Brunet, C.; Sansone, C. On the Neuroprotective Role of Astaxanthin: New Perspectives? Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080247
Galasso C, Orefice I, Pellone P, Cirino P, Miele R, Ianora A, Brunet C, Sansone C. On the Neuroprotective Role of Astaxanthin: New Perspectives? Marine Drugs. 2018; 16(8):247. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080247
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalasso, Christian, Ida Orefice, Paola Pellone, Paola Cirino, Roberta Miele, Adrianna Ianora, Christophe Brunet, and Clementina Sansone. 2018. "On the Neuroprotective Role of Astaxanthin: New Perspectives?" Marine Drugs 16, no. 8: 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16080247