Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Detection of Legionella and Free-Living Amoeba
2.3. Identification of Free-Living Amoeba
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Source/Samples Tested (Positive; %) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated Surface Water | Groundwater | Total | |||
Cold Water | Hot Water | Cold Water | Hot Water | ||
Apartment buildings | 4 (1; 25.0%) | 13 (3; 23.1%) | 24 (6; 25.0%) | 41 (22; 53.7%) | 82 (32; 39.0%) |
Hotel | 0 (0; 0.0%) | 75 (33; 44.0%) | 0 (0; 0.0%) | 68 (32; 47.1%) | 143 (65; 45.5%) |
Public buildings | 4 (0; 0.0%) | 5 (1; 20.0%) | 12 (4; 33.3%) | 22 (12; 54.5%) | 43 (17; 39.5%) |
Subtotal | 8 (1; 12.5%) | 93 (37; 39.8%) | 36 (10; 27.8%) | 131 (66; 50.4%) | 268 (114; 42.5%) |
Total | 101 (38; 37.6%) | 167 (76; 45.5%) |
Type of Building | Legionella Positive Hot Water Samples | |
---|---|---|
Temperature Below 55 °C | Temperature Above or Equal to 55 °C | |
Apartment buildings | 13 of 26 (50.0%) | 10 of 23 (43.5%) |
Hotels | 62 of 128 (48.4%) | 2 of 14 (14.3%) |
Public buildings | 4 of 15 (26.7%) | 0 of 1 (0.0%) |
Total | 79 of 169 (46.7%) | 12 of 38 (31.6%) |
Water Source/Samples Tested (Positive; %) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated Surface Water | Groundwater | Total | |||
Cold Water | Hot Water | Cold Water | Hot Water | ||
Apartment buildings | 4 (2; 50.0%) | 13 (6; 46.1%) | 24 (21; 87.5%) | 41 (31; 75.6%) | 82 (60; 73.2%) |
Hotel | 0 (0; 0.0%) | 75 (55; 73.3%) | 0 (0; 0.0%) | 68 (54; 79.4%) | 143 (109; 76.2%) |
Public buildings | 4 (4; 100.0%) | 5 (3; 60.0%) | 12 (10; 83.3%) | 22 (21; 95.4%) | 43 (38; 88.4%) |
Subtotal | 8 (6; 75.0%) | 93 (64; 68.8%) | 36 (31; 86.1%) | 131 (106; 80.9%) | 268 (207; 77.2%) |
Total | 101 (70; 69.3%) | 167 (137; 82.0%) |
Amoebal Family | Number of Samples (%) |
---|---|
Acanthamoebidae | 74 (27.6%) |
Vahlkampfiidae | 29 (10.8%) |
Vermamoebidae | 24 (9.0%) |
Acanthamoebidae + Vermamoebidae | 43 (16.0%) |
Acanthamoebidae + Vahlkampfiidae | 15 (5.6%) |
Legionella spp. Negative Samples (%) | Legionella spp. Positive Samples (%) | |
---|---|---|
FLA negative samples (%) | 61 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
FLA positive samples (%) | 93 (44.9%) | 114 (55.1%) |
Number of Amoeba Genus | Legionella spp. | |
---|---|---|
Negative (%) | Positive (%) | |
1 | 49 (38.6%) | 78 (61.4%) |
2 | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4%) |
3 | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) |
4 | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
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Valciņa, O.; Pūle, D.; Mališevs, A.; Trofimova, J.; Makarova, S.; Konvisers, G.; Bērziņš, A.; Krūmiņa, A. Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems. Medicina 2019, 55, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080492
Valciņa O, Pūle D, Mališevs A, Trofimova J, Makarova S, Konvisers G, Bērziņš A, Krūmiņa A. Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems. Medicina. 2019; 55(8):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080492
Chicago/Turabian StyleValciņa, Olga, Daina Pūle, Artjoms Mališevs, Jūlija Trofimova, Svetlana Makarova, Genadijs Konvisers, Aivars Bērziņš, and Angelika Krūmiņa. 2019. "Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems" Medicina 55, no. 8: 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080492
APA StyleValciņa, O., Pūle, D., Mališevs, A., Trofimova, J., Makarova, S., Konvisers, G., Bērziņš, A., & Krūmiņa, A. (2019). Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems. Medicina, 55(8), 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080492