Strategies to Improve Cannabidiol Bioavailability and Drug Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Strategies to Improve the Oral Bioavailability of CBD (Preclinical Studies)
Route | Dose (mg/kg) | Vehicle | Formulation Category | Tmax (h) | Cmax (ng/mL) | AUC (ng/mL × h) | Cmax (ng/mL)/Dose (mg/kg) | AUC (ng/mL × h)/Dose (mg/kg) | Cmax (ng/mL)/Tmax (h)/Dose (mg/kg) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rat | ||||||||||
Oral | 19.3 | MCT | Lipid-based | 6 | 128 | 445 | 6.63 | 23.1 | 1.11 | [6] |
Oral | 20 | Sesame oil (Epidiolex) | Lipid-based | 1 | 629 | 2766 | 31.45 | 138 | 31.5 | [6] |
Oral | 12 | Sesame oil (LCT) | Lipid-based | 3 | 308 | 932 | 25.7 | 77.7 | 8.56 | [7] |
Oral | 12 | Sesame oil | Lipid-based | 4 | 225 | 821 | 18.8 | 68.4 | 4.69 | [8] |
Oral | 12 | Oleic acid | Lipid-based | 3 | 134 | 604 | 11.2 | 50.3 | 3.72 | [8] |
Oral | 12 | Linoleic acid | Lipid-based | 4 | 108 | 602 | 9.00 | 50.2 | 2.25 | [8] |
Oral | 12 | 2-OG + oleic acid | Lipid-based | 6 | 71 | 512 | 5.92 | 42.7 | 0.99 | [8] |
Oral | 12 | Oleic acid + glycerol | Lipid-based | 3 | 125 | 584 | 10.4 | 48.7 | 3.47 | [8] |
Oral | 12 | Glycerol trioleate | Lipid-based | 3 | 154 | 560 | 12.8 | 46.7 | 4.28 | [8] |
Oral | 25 | Sesame oil | Lipid-based | 2.5 | 724 | 2702 | 29.0 | 108 | 11.6 | [9] |
Oral | 25 | Sesame oil + surf | Lipid-based | 2 | 562 | 2131 | 22.5 | 85.2 | 11.2 | [9] |
Oral | 12 | Sesame oil | Lipid-based | 3 | 164 | 865 | 13.7 | 72.1 | 4.56 | [10] |
Oral | 12 | Coconut oil | Lipid-based | 5 | 84 | 413 | 7 | 34.4 | 1.40 | [10] |
Oral | 12 | Rapeseed oil | Lipid-based | 5 | 118 | 587 | 9.83 | 48.9 | 1.97 | [10] |
Oral | 10 | Sunflower oil | Lipid-based | 2 | 96.5 | 292 | 9.65 | 9.30 | 1.40 | [11] |
Oral | 12 | Sesame oil | Lipid-based | 3 | 209 | 865 | 17.4 | 72.1 | 5.81 | [12] |
Oral | 12 | Soybean oil | Lipid-based | 3 | 165 | 775 | 13.8 | 64.6 | 4.58 | [12] |
Oral | 12 | Peanut oil | Lipid-based | 3 | 153 | 737 | 12.8 | 61.4 | 4.25 | [12] |
Oral | 12 | Olive oil | Lipid-based | 2 | 258 | 835 | 21.5 | 69.6 | 10.75 | [12] |
Oral | 12 | Sunflower oil | Lipid-based | 3 | 112 | 551 | 9.33 | 45.9 | 3.11 | [12] |
Oral | 12 | Coconut oil | Lipid-based | 5 | 96 | 413 | 8 | 34.4 | 1.60 | [12] |
Oral | 100 | Olive oil | Lipid-based | 8 | 2720 | 26,700 | 27.2 | 267 | 3.40 | [13] |
Oral | 15 | Sesame oil | Lipid-based | 4 | 136 | 660 | 9.07 | 44.0 | 2.27 | [14] |
Oral | 18.75 | Sunflower oil | Lipid-based | 4.05 | 8.95 | 66.8 | 0.48 | 3.56 | 0.12 | [15] |
Oral | 20 | Nanoemulsion | Emulsion-based | 1 | 454 | 1949 | 22.7 | 97.5 | 22.7 | [6] |
Oral | 18.75 | Sunflower oil + lecithin | Emulsion-based | 2.54 | 34.4 | 153 | 1.83 | 8.16 | 0.72 | [15] |
Oral | 15 | Sesame-SNEDDS | Emulsion-based | 1.08 | 137 | 611 | 9.13 | 40.7 | 8.46 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | MCT-SNEDDS | Emulsion-based | 1 | 101 | 579 | 6.73 | 38.6 | 6.73 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | Cocoa butter-SNEDDS | Emulsion-based | 6 | 458 | 2864 | 30.5 | 191 | 5.09 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | Tricaprin-SNEDDS | Emulsion-based | 5 | 261 | 2041 | 17.4 | 136 | 3.48 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | Piperine-PNL | Emulsion-based | 2 | 178 | 593 | 11.9 | 39.5 | 5.93 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | Piperine-PNL | Emulsion-based | 1.8 | 168 | 809 | 11.2 | 53.9 | 6.22 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | PNL | Emulsion-based | 1.2 | 130 | 286 | 8.67 | 19.1 | 7.22 | [16] |
Oral | 15 | PNL | Emulsion-based | 1.11 | 137 | 300 | 9.13 | 20.0 | 8.23 | [17] |
Oral | 15 | Piperine-PNL | Emulsion-based | 1.67 | 170 | 570 | 11.3 | 38.0 | 6.79 | [17] |
Oral | 15 | Curcumin-PNL | Emulsion-based | 1.56 | 63 | 168 | 4.2 | 11.2 | 2.69 | [17] |
Oral | 15 | Resveratrol-PNL | Emulsion-based | 1.9 | 96 | 202 | 6.4 | 13.5 | 3.37 | [17] |
Oral | 50 | Nanoemulsion | Emulsion-based | 2.4 | 3230 | 22,400 | 64.6 | 448 | 26.9 | [13] |
Oral | 40 | MCT protein–maltodextrin | Emulsion-based | 4 | 1190 | 8560 | 29.8 | 214 | 7.44 | [18] |
Oral | 40 | MCT/LCT protein–maltodextrin | Emulsion-based | 2 | 2120 | 12,190 | 53 | 305 | 26.5 | [18] |
Oral | 40 | LCT protein–maltodextrin | Emulsion-based | 2 | 1890 | 12,500 | 47.3 | 313 | 23.6 | [18] |
Oral | 14.5 | Pure CBD suspension | Liquid | 4 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.02 | [19] |
Oral | 10 | PG | Liquid | 2 | 28 | 93 | 2.80 | 147 | 32.4 | [20] |
Oral | 12 | PG | Liquid | 2 | 81 | 356 | 6.75 | 29.7 | 3.38 | [12] |
Oral | 12 | PG | Liquid | 3 | 87 | 327 | 7.25 | 27.3 | 2.42 | [7] |
Oral | 12 | PG:EtOH:water | Liquid | 5 | 55 | 356 | 4.58 | 29.7 | 0.92 | [10] |
Oral | 40 | Zein NP whey protein | Nanotechnology | 2 | 466 | 2912 | 11.65 | 72.8 | 5.83 | [21] |
Oral | 12.6 | Nanocrystals | Nanotechnology | 1.25 | 151 | 847 | 12.0 | 67.2 | 9.61 | [14] |
Oral | 14.5 | Nanoparticles | Nanotechnology | 0.3 | 21 | 51.9 | 1.45 | 3.58 | 4.83 | [19] |
Oral | 40 | Free-form CBD | Solid/Resin | 4 | 232 | 1657 | 5.80 | 41.4 | 1.45 | [21] |
Oral | 15 | Lipid-free | Solid/Resin | 1.07 | 39 | 90 | 2.60 | 6.00 | 2.43 | [17] |
Oral | 48.00 | Isolate | Solid/Resin | 3 | 739 | 5307 | 15.4 | 111 | 5.13 | [22] |
Horse | ||||||||||
Oral | 10 | Sesame oil | Lipid-based | 3.5 | 55.7 | 778 | 5.57 | 77.8 | 1.59 | [23] |
Oral | 10 | Micellar | Emulsion-based | 2 | 143 | 830 | 14.3 | 83.0 | 7.14 | [23] |
Dog | ||||||||||
Oral | 5.77 | Oil | Lipid-based | 2 | 625 | 147 | 108 | 25.5 | 54.2 | [24] |
Oral | 5.77 | Microencapsulated oil beads | Lipid-based | 6 | 346 | 104 | 60.0 | 17.9 | 10 | [24] |
Oral | 11.5 | Oil | Lipid-based | 4 | 846 | 317 | 73.6 | 27.5 | 18.3 | [24] |
Oral | 11.5 | Microencapsulated oil beads | Lipid-based | 4 | 578 | 177 | 50.3 | 15.4 | 12.5 | [24] |
Oral | 1 | MCT | Lipid-based | 2.17 | 207 | 648 | 207 | 648 | 95.3 | [25] |
Oral | 8.33 | Cannef tablets | Solid/Resin | 3.5 | 217 | 1376 | 26.1 | 165 | 7.43 | [26] |
Transmucosal | 1 | MCT | Lipid-based | 1.92 | 200 | 536 | 200 | 536 | 104 | [25] |
Mice | ||||||||||
Oral | 5 | MCT (Miglyol 812 N) | Lipid-based | 0.3 | 8 | 14.9 | 1.60 | 2.98 | 5.13 | [27] |
Oral | 5 | Capsules | Emulsion-based | 0.3 | 10.9 | 16.3 | 2.18 | 3.26 | 7.27 | [27] |
Oral | 5 | Capsules + DCA | Emulsion-based | 1 | 11 | 6.5 | 2.20 | 1.30 | 2.2 | [27] |
Oral | 20 | Soybean oil + fat | Emulsion-based | 2 | 130 | 551 | 6.48 | 27.6 | 3.24 | [28] |
Oral | 30 | Gel | Solid/Resin | 1 | 236.2 | 428 | 7.87 | 14.3 | 7.87 | [29] |
3. Strategies to Improve the Oral Bioavailability of CBD (Clinical Studies)
Route | Dose (mg/kg) * | Vehicle | Formulation Category | Tmax (h) | Cmax (ng/mL) | AUC (ng/mL × h) | Cmax (ng/mL)/Dose (mg/kg) | AUC (ng/mL × h)/Dose (mg/kg) | Cmax (ng/mL)/Tmax (h)/Dose (mg/kg) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | 0.33 | MCT | Lipid-based | 3 | 3.05 | 19.2 | 9.15 | 57.7 | 3.05 | [38] |
Oral | 0.67 | MCT | Lipid-based | 5.2 | 14 | 73.8 | 21 | 111 | 4.04 | [39] |
Oral | 0.13 | MCT | Lipid-based | 5.1 | 0.84 | 3.4 | 6.31 | 25.5 | 1.24 | [40] |
Oral | 0.40 | Lipid-soluble | Lipid-based | 1.5 | 0.65 | 1.51 | 1.63 | 3.77 | 1.08 | [41] |
Oral | 0.60 | Generic | Lipid-based | 1.88 | 16.8 | 37.5 | 28 | 62.6 | 14.9 | [42] |
Oral | 1.20 | Generic | Lipid-based | 2.05 | 23.5 | 119 | 19.6 | 98.8 | 9.55 | [42] |
Oral | 0.67 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 2.03 | 6.3 | 20.1 | 9.45 | 30.1 | 4.66 | [43] |
Oral | 0.53 | MCT | Lipid-based | 4.26 | 3.5 | 11.9 | 6.55 | 22.4 | 1.54 | [44] |
Oral | 0.53 | GML | Lipid-based | 1.59 | 6.47 | 15.8 | 12.1 | 29.5 | 7.6 | [44] |
Oral | 1.20 | Sesame oil (gelcap) | Lipid-based | 4 | 14 | 66 | 11.7 | 55 | 2.92 | [45] |
Oral | 1.33 | Syrup | Lipid-based | 3.2 | 2.8 | 10.3 | 2.1 | 7.73 | 0.66 | [46] |
Oral | 1.33 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 3.3 | 20.5 | 64.1 | 15.4 | 48.1 | 4.66 | [46] |
Oral | 1.6 | MCT | Lipid-based | 4.89 | 13.9 | 122 | 8.7 | 76.3 | 1.78 | [47] |
Oral | 20 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 4 | 292 | 1517 | 14.6 | 75.9 | 3.66 | [48] |
Oral | 40 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 5 | 533 | 2669 | 13.3 | 66.7 | 2.67 | [48] |
Oral | 60 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 5 | 722 | 3215 | 12 | 53.6 | 2.41 | [48] |
Oral | 80 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 5 | 782 | 3696 | 9.78 | 46.2 | 1.96 | [48] |
Oral | 10 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 5.11 | 336 | 1587 | 33.6 | 159 | 6.58 | [49] |
Oral | 20 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 6.13 | 525 | 2650 | 26.2 | 132 | 4.28 | [49] |
Oral | 60 | Epidiolex | Lipid-based | 4.07 | 427 | 2339 | 7.12 | 39 | 1.75 | [49] |
Oral | 5.33 | Corn oil (gelcap) | Lipid-based | 3 | 181 | 704 | 33.9 | 132 | 11.3 | [50] |
Oral | 5.33 | Corn oil (gelcap) | Lipid-based | 1.5 | 114 | 482 | 21.4 | 90.4 | 14.3 | [50] |
Oral | 10.7 | Corn oil (gelcap) | Lipid-based | 3 | 221 | 867 | 20.7 | 81.3 | 6.91 | [50] |
Oral | 10.7 | Corn oil (gelcap) | Lipid-based | 4 | 157 | 722 | 14.7 | 67.7 | 3.68 | [50] |
Oral | 2 | Corn oil | Lipid-based | 2 | 82.6 | 269 | 41.3 | 61.5 | 20.7 | [51] |
Oral | 0.4 | MCT | Lipid-based | 1.28 | 3.5 | 13.81 | 8.85 | 34.5 | 6.91 | [52] |
Oral | 0.4 | Powder | Lipid-based | 1.53 | 2.88 | 9.96 | 7.2 | 24.9 | 4.71 | [52] |
Oral | 0.4 | MCT | Lipid-based | 0.7 | 5.57 | 10.77 | 13.9 | 26.9 | 19.9 | [52] |
Oral | 0.33 | SEDDS | Emulsion-based | 1 | 13.5 | 32.6 | 40.6 | 97.9 | 40.6 | [38] |
Oral | 0.13 | Solutech | Emulsion-based | 0.96 | 2 | 3.6 | 15 | 27 | 15.6 | [40] |
Oral | 0.40 | Water-soluble | Emulsion-based | 0.9 | 2.82 | 6.8 | 7.05 | 17 | 7.83 | [41] |
Oral | 0.53 | SEDDS | Emulsion-based | 1.68 | 6.94 | 17.7 | 13 | 33.3 | 7.74 | [44] |
Oral | 1.20 | SNEDDS (gelcap) | Emulsion-based | 2 | 18 | 61 | 15 | 50.8 | 7.5 | [45] |
Oral | 0.13 | PNL | Emulsion-based | 3 | 2.1 | 6.9 | 15.8 | 51.8 | 5.25 | [53] |
Oral | 0.13 | SEDDS | Emulsion-based | 1.64 | 2.94 | 9.85 | 22.1 | 73.9 | 13.4 | [54] |
Oral | 0.60 | TurboCBD | Solidified | 2.17 | 21.2 | 47.7 | 35.3 | 79.4 | 16.3 | [42] |
Oral | 1.20 | TurboCBD | Solidified | 1.83 | 77.6 | 181 | 64.7 | 151 | 35.3 | [42] |
Oral | 1.20 | Powder (hardcap) | Solid/Capsule | 8.4 | 0.8 | 8 | 0.67 | 6.67 | 0.08 | [45] |
Oral | 1.33 | Powder (gelcap) | Solid/Capsule | 2.5 | 17.8 | 42.5 | 13.4 | 31.9 | 5.34 | [46] |
Oral | 1.33 | Gelcap | Solid/Capsule | 4 | 11.1 | 31.5 | 8.33 | 23.6 | 2.08 | [55] |
Oral | 0.13 | Gelatin matrix pellets | Solid/Capsule | 3 | 3.22 | 9.64 | 24.2 | 72.3 | 8.05 | [56] |
Oral | 1.33 | Gelatin matrix pellets | Solid/Capsule | 3.5 | 47.4 | 150 | 35.6 | 112 | 10.2 | [56] |
Oral | 10.7 | Capsules | Solid/Capsule | 3 | 77.9 | 580 | 7.30 | 54.4 | 2.43 | [57] |
Oral | 0.13 | Capsules | Solid/Capsule | 1.27 | 2.47 | 6.03 | 18.5 | 45.3 | 14.6 | [58] |
Oral | 2 | Powder | Solid/Capsule | 2.5 | 20.7 | 67.4 | 10.4 | 14.1 | 4.14 | [51] |
Transmucosal | 0.08 | Water-soluble NP | Emulsion-based | 1 | 0.53 | 0.87 | 6.63 | 10.9 | 6.63 | [59] |
Transmucosal | 0.24 | Water-soluble NP | Emulsion-based | 1 | 4.62 | 8.90 | 19.3 | 37.1 | 19.3 | [59] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | Sativex | Liquid | 3.5 | 2.05 | 7.3 | 15.4 | 54.8 | 4.39 | [56] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | Sativex | Liquid | 3.18 | 2.05 | 7.3 | 15.4 | 54.8 | 4.83 | [54] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | Sativex | Liquid | 1 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 3.75 | 23.3 | 3.75 | [53] |
Transmucosal | 0.27 | Sativex | Liquid | 4.5 | 4.6 | 29.3 | 17.3 | 110 | 3.83 | [39] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 1.63 | 2.5 | 7.12 | 18.8 | 53.4 | 11.5 | [58] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 2.8 | 3.02 | 6.8 | 22.7 | 51 | 8.09 | [58] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 1.39 | 1.15 | 5.64 | 8.63 | 42.3 | 6.21 | [60] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 4 | 3.66 | 23.1 | 27.5 | 173 | 6.86 | [60] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 1 | 1.03 | 5.1 | 7.73 | 38.3 | 7.73 | [61] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 1.38 | 0.66 | 3.54 | 4.95 | 26.6 | 3.59 | [61] |
Transmucosal | 0.13 | EtOH:PG | Liquid | 1.15 | 0.63 | 3 | 4.73 | 22.5 | 4.11 | [61] |
Transmucosal | 0.07 | Sativex | Liquid | 3.7 | 1.6 | 4.5 | 24 | 67.5 | 6.49 | [62] |
Transmucosal | 0.20 | Sativex | Liquid | 4 | 6.7 | 18.1 | 33.5 | 90.5 | 8.38 | [62] |
Transmucosal | 0.33 | Wafer | Solidified | 4.5 | 9.1 | 33.5 | 27.3 | 101 | 6.07 | [39] |
Transmucosal | 0.67 | Wafer | Solidified | 4.1 | 15 | 71 | 22.5 | 107 | 5.49 | [39] |
3.1. Lipid-Based Formulations
3.2. Emulsion-Based Formulations
3.3. Solidified Formulations
3.4. Encapsulated Formulations
4. Novel Routes of CBD Administration
Route | Dose (mg/kg) * | Vehicle | Formulation Category | Tmax (h) | Cmax (ng/mL) | AUC (ng/mL × h) | Cmax (ng/mL)/Dose (mg/kg) | AUC (ng/mL × h)/Dose (mg/kg) | Cmax (ng/mL)/Tmax (h)/Dose (mg/kg) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rat | ||||||||||
Intravenous | 0.2 | PEG:saline:EtOH | Liquid | – | 3596 | 104 | 17,980 | 518 | – | [65] |
Intravenous | 2.5 | Capryol + CremophorEL + TranscutolP + water | Liquid | 0.08 | 1178 | 623 | 471 | 249 | 5654 | [15] |
Intravenous | 4 | PG | Liquid | 0.08 | 2100 | 1380 | 525 | 345 | 6300 | [7] |
Intravenous | 15.5 | Saline | Liquid | 0.5 | 5216 | 26,870 | 337 | 1734 | 673 | [66] |
Intravenous | 4 | PG | Liquid | 0.08 | 872 | 674 | 218 | 168 | 2724 | [14] |
Intravenous | 5 | Saline | Liquid | – | – | 1446 | – | 289 | 0.00 | [22] |
Intranasal | 0.2 | PEG | Liquid | 0.35 | 35.4 | 152 | 177 | 758 | 506 | [65] |
Intranasal | 0.2 | PEG:saline:EtOH | Liquid | 0.48 | 27.4 | 43.3 | 137 | 216 | 285 | [65] |
Intranasal | 0.2 | PEG:saline:EtOH: glycocholate | Liquid | 0.47 | 30.2 | 41.8 | 151 | 209 | 322 | [65] |
Intranasal | 0.2 | PEG:saline:EtOH:DBC | Liquid | 0.33 | 19.9 | 34.6 | 100 | 173 | 302 | [65] |
Intranasal | 15.5 | Saline | Liquid | 0.5 | 2710 | 13,038 | 175 | 841 | 350 | [66] |
Intranasal | 15.5 | Nanoemulsion | Emulsion-based | 0.5 | 2610 | 14,723 | 168 | 950 | 337 | [66] |
Inhalation | 0.9 | Sunflower oil | Liquid | 5 | 217 | 132 | 1 | 8.58 | 0.11 | [11] |
Inhalation | 1.7 | Ethanol | Liquid | 5 | 263 | 227 | 22 | 46.6 | 44 | [11] |
Inhalation | 3.5 | MCT | Liquid | 5 | 567 | 513 | 10 | 29.2 | 4.83 | [11] |
Inhalation | 6.7 | PG | Liquid | 5 | 888 | 950 | 241 | 147 | 48.2 | [11] |
Inhalation | 13.9 | PG | Liquid | 60 | 2400 | 2030 | 155 | 134 | 30.9 | [11] |
Inhalation | 10 | PG | Liquid | 0.5 | 220 | 466 | 173 | 146 | 2.88 | [20] |
Subcutaneous | 10 | PG | Lipid-based | 7 | 8 | 85.8 | 133 | 142 | 26.5 | [20] |
Intramuscular | 4.2 | Nanocrystals | Nanotechnology | 0.69 | 239 | 1459 | 57.0 | 348 | 82.6 | [14] |
Horse | ||||||||||
Intravenous | 1 | Chremophor + EtOH + saline | Liquid | 0.08 | 1000 | 580.4 | 1000 | 580 | 12,000 | [23] |
Dog | ||||||||||
Intravenous | 2.25 | EtOH | Liquid | – | – | 2706 | – | 1203 | – | [67] |
Intravenous | 4.5 | EtOH | Liquid | – | – | 6095 | – | 1354 | – | [67] |
Intranasal | 1.67 | PEG:NaCl | Liquid | 0.49 | 28 | 61.3 | 16.8 | 36.8 | 34.2 | [26] |
Transdermal | 5.77 | Cream | Lipid-based | 10 | 74.3 | 11.7 | 12.9 | 2.03 | 1.29 | [24] |
Transdermal | 11.5 | Cream | Lipid-based | 12 | 278 | 29.7 | 24.1 | 2.57 | 2.00 | [24] |
Mice | ||||||||||
Intravenous | 10 | Soybean oil + fat | Emulsion-based | 0.17 | 2343 | 3191 | 234 | 319 | 1403 | [28] |
Intranasal | 30 | Suspension | Liquid | 0.29 | 1205 | 2968 | 40.2 | 98.9 | 139 | [29] |
Guinea pigs | ||||||||||
Intravenous | 1 | PG | Liquid | 0.03 | 269 | 175 | 269 | 175 | 8070 | [65] |
Transdermal | 22.5 | Gel (PG:water) | Solid/Resin | 38.4 | 8.6 | 276 | 0.38 | 12.3 | 0.01 | [65] |
Transdermal | 22.5 | Gel (PG:water) + TranscutolHP | Solid/Resin | 31.2 | 35.6 | 888 | 1.58 | 39.5 | 0.05 | [65] |
Human | ||||||||||
Intravenous | 0.27 | EtOH | Liquid | 0.05 | 686 | 1000 | 2573 | 3751 | 51,450 | [68] |
Inhalation | 0.26 | Marijuana cigarettes | Smoke | 0.05 | 110 | 291 | 430 | 1137 | 8594 | [68] |
Inhalation | 0.13 | DPI | Solid | 0.06 | 18.78 | 7.66 | 141 | 57.5 | 2224 | [43] |
Inhalation | 1.33 | CBD dominant | Aerosol | 0.10 | 171 | 151 | 128 | 113 | 1283 | [46] |
Inhalation | 1.33 | Pure CBD | Aerosol | 0.10 | 105 | 73.9 | 78.5 | 55.4 | 785 | [46] |
Inhalation | 1.33 | CBD dominant | Aerosol | 0.2 | 181.4 | 185.8 | 136 | 139 | 680 | [55] |
Inhalation | 1.33 | Pure CBD | Aerosol | 0.2 | 104.6 | 108 | 78.5 | 81.0 | 392 | [55] |
Transdermal | 1.33 | Gefion GT4 tech | Emulsion-based | 8 | 0.58 | 3.33 | 0.43 | 2.50 | 0.05 | [69] |
4.1. Transdermal
4.2. Inhalation
4.3. Transmucosal
4.4. Intranasal
4.5. Intravenous
4.6. Intramuscular
4.7. Intrarectal
4.8. Subcutaneous
5. Tissue Distribution of CBD
6. Does an Improved CBD PK Profile Lead to Better Efficacy?
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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O’Sullivan, S.E.; Jensen, S.S.; Kolli, A.R.; Nikolajsen, G.N.; Bruun, H.Z.; Hoeng, J. Strategies to Improve Cannabidiol Bioavailability and Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17020244
O’Sullivan SE, Jensen SS, Kolli AR, Nikolajsen GN, Bruun HZ, Hoeng J. Strategies to Improve Cannabidiol Bioavailability and Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(2):244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17020244
Chicago/Turabian StyleO’Sullivan, Saoirse Elizabeth, Sanne Skov Jensen, Aditya Reddy Kolli, Gitte Nykjær Nikolajsen, Heidi Ziegler Bruun, and Julia Hoeng. 2024. "Strategies to Improve Cannabidiol Bioavailability and Drug Delivery" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 2: 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17020244