Remote Photoacoustic Sensing Using Single Speckle Analysis by an Ultra-Fast Four Quadrant Photo-Detector
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Speckle Sensing by Multiple Speckles’ Tracking
2.2. Imaging Systems and Setups
2.2.1. Free-Space Single Speckle Sensing
2.2.2. Fiber-Based Single Speckle Sensing
2.3. Measurement Modes and Samples
2.4. Data Analysis for Single Speckle Analysis
2.5. Sensing Parameter Evaluation for Single Speckle Analysis
2.5.1. Sensitivity
2.5.2. Sensing Range
2.5.3. Linearity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Photoacoustic Measurements
3.2. Sensing Parameters
3.2.1. Sensitivity
3.2.2. Sensing Range
3.2.3. Linearity
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APS | avalanche-photodiode sensor |
MPE | maximum permitted exposure |
PA | Photoacoustic |
PhAT | phantom Setup A transmission mode |
PhAR | phantom Setup A reflection mode |
PhBT | phantom Setup B transmission mode |
PVCP | polyvinyl chloride plastisol |
skinAT1 | skin sample Setup A transmission mode |
skinAT2p | skin sample Setup A transmission mode pulsed illumination |
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Sample | (μs) | (μs) | (μs) |
---|---|---|---|
PhAT1 | 3.19 | 0.06 | 3.01 |
PhAT2 | 3.71 | 0.09 | 3.76 |
PhAT3 | 4.48 | 0.17 | 4.51 |
PhAR4 | 2.15 | 0.16 | 2.26 |
PhAR5 | 2.99 | 0.06 | 3.01 |
skinAT1 | 7.72 | 0.22 | 7.69 |
skinAT2p | 2.93 | 0.25 | 3.04 |
PhBT1 | 5.91 | 0.057 | 5.56 |
PhBT2 | 3.53 | 0.093 | 3.71 |
Free-Space | Fiber-Guided | ||
---|---|---|---|
PVCP | skin | PVCP | |
0.006 | 0.007 | 0.0057 | |
in μm | 1600 | 1600 | 1600 |
M | 5 | 5 | 50 |
Z in cm | 20 | 20 | 0.2 |
in | 55.0 | 64.2 | 522 |
in mm | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.05 |
in nm | 7.2 | 8.4 | 4.56 |
in | 1.4 | 1.99 | 1.4 |
in kPa | 31.67 | 52.52 | 20.06 |
in kPa | 127 | 210 | 80 |
Single Speckle Analysis | |
---|---|
in μm | 1600 |
in μm | 1120 |
in | 0.0642 |
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Lengenfelder, B.; Hohmann, M.; Späth, M.; Scherbaum, D.; Weiß, M.; Rupitsch, S.J.; Schmidt, M.; Zalevsky, Z.; Klämpfl, F. Remote Photoacoustic Sensing Using Single Speckle Analysis by an Ultra-Fast Four Quadrant Photo-Detector. Sensors 2021, 21, 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062109
Lengenfelder B, Hohmann M, Späth M, Scherbaum D, Weiß M, Rupitsch SJ, Schmidt M, Zalevsky Z, Klämpfl F. Remote Photoacoustic Sensing Using Single Speckle Analysis by an Ultra-Fast Four Quadrant Photo-Detector. Sensors. 2021; 21(6):2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062109
Chicago/Turabian StyleLengenfelder, Benjamin, Martin Hohmann, Moritz Späth, Daniel Scherbaum, Manuel Weiß, Stefan J. Rupitsch, Michael Schmidt, Zeev Zalevsky, and Florian Klämpfl. 2021. "Remote Photoacoustic Sensing Using Single Speckle Analysis by an Ultra-Fast Four Quadrant Photo-Detector" Sensors 21, no. 6: 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062109
APA StyleLengenfelder, B., Hohmann, M., Späth, M., Scherbaum, D., Weiß, M., Rupitsch, S. J., Schmidt, M., Zalevsky, Z., & Klämpfl, F. (2021). Remote Photoacoustic Sensing Using Single Speckle Analysis by an Ultra-Fast Four Quadrant Photo-Detector. Sensors, 21(6), 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062109