Comparison of Aerial Thermal Infrared Imagery and Helicopter Surveys of Bison (Bison bison) in Grand Canyon National Park, USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Observer | Groups Detected | Individuals Counted |
---|---|---|
Helicopter-frontseat observers | 4 | 38 |
Helicopter-backseat observers | 13 | 127 |
Thermal infrared-observer 1 | 15 | 101 |
Thermal infrared-observer 2 | 14 | 100 |
Model | K | AICc | ΔAICc | wi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal infrared-Powell | ||||
Observer a | 2 | 23.62 | 0.00 | 0.58 |
Observer + type b | 3 | 24.25 | 0.63 | 0.42 |
Helicopter-Powell | ||||
Observer | 2 | 26.98 | 0.00 | 0.59 |
Observer + recapture c | 3 | 27.68 | 0.70 | 0.41 |
Helicopter-Pooled surveys | ||||
Observer + recapture + groupsize d | 4 | 200.10 | 0.00 | 0.45 |
Observer + recapture + groupsize + forest e | 5 | 201.74 | 1.64 | 0.20 |
Observer + recapture | 3 | 201.88 | 1.78 | 0.18 |
Observer + recapture + forest | 4 | 203.63 | 3.53 | 0.08 |
Observer + groupsize | 3 | 204.98 | 4.88 | 0.04 |
Observer | 2 | 205.86 | 5.75 | 0.03 |
Observer + groupsize + forest | 4 | 206.70 | 6.60 | 0.02 |
Observer + forest | 3 | 207.72 | 7.62 | 0.00 |
Method | Count | Estimate | SE | LCL | UCL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal infrared-Powell | 101 | 131 | 4 | 130 | 155 |
Helicopter-Powell | 127 | 147 | 20 | 137 | 283 |
Helicopter-Pooled surveys | 127 | 162 | 24 | 141 | 258 |
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Hennig, J.D.; Schoenecker, K.A.; Terwilliger, M.L.N.; Holm, G.W.; Laake, J.L. Comparison of Aerial Thermal Infrared Imagery and Helicopter Surveys of Bison (Bison bison) in Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Sensors 2021, 21, 5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155087
Hennig JD, Schoenecker KA, Terwilliger MLN, Holm GW, Laake JL. Comparison of Aerial Thermal Infrared Imagery and Helicopter Surveys of Bison (Bison bison) in Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Sensors. 2021; 21(15):5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155087
Chicago/Turabian StyleHennig, Jacob D., Kathryn A. Schoenecker, Miranda L.N. Terwilliger, Gregory W. Holm, and Jeffrey L. Laake. 2021. "Comparison of Aerial Thermal Infrared Imagery and Helicopter Surveys of Bison (Bison bison) in Grand Canyon National Park, USA" Sensors 21, no. 15: 5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155087
APA StyleHennig, J. D., Schoenecker, K. A., Terwilliger, M. L. N., Holm, G. W., & Laake, J. L. (2021). Comparison of Aerial Thermal Infrared Imagery and Helicopter Surveys of Bison (Bison bison) in Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Sensors, 21(15), 5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155087