GNSS Constraints to Active Tectonic Deformations of the South American Continental Margin in Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
2.1. The Ecuador Continental Margin
2.2. Recent Tectonic Structures
2.3. Seismicity
3. GPS Data in Ecuador
4. Tectonic Displacements from GPS Data
5. Active Tectonic Deformations
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Geodetic Coordinates (deg.) | Velocity (mm/yr) | Uncertainty (mm/yr) | Residual Velocity (mm/yr) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Station | Lat. (N) | Long (E) | VEast | VNorth | sVEast | sVNorth | VrEast | VrNorth |
3009 | 0.9890 | −79.6265 | 14.6 | 15.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 19.5 | 6.2 |
AHUA | −1.0610 | −77.5500 | −0.8 | 8.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 3.8 | −0.6 |
AMAL | −4.5812 | −79.4266 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 4.2 | −2.1 |
ANCO | −2.3296 | −80.8947 | 4.6 | 13.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 9.1 | 4.1 |
AREN | −3.5591 | −80.0685 | 1.5 | 7.7 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 5.8 | −1.4 |
AU14 | −0.7301 | −76.8867 | −2.4 | 9.0 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 2.3 | −0.5 |
AUCA | −0.6408 | −76.8827 | −3.4 | 7.5 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 | −2.0 |
AYAN | −1.9885 | −80.7569 | 8.6 | 12.4 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 13.1 | 3.4 |
BALZ | −1.3675 | −79.9086 | 6.0 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 10.6 | 0.4 |
BILB | −1.4466 | −78.5016 | −4.4 | 6.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | −2.3 |
BUFE | −0.8771 | −79.4884 | 2.3 | 11.6 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 6.9 | 2.5 |
CABP | −0.3865 | −80.4287 | 12.9 | 12.3 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 17.6 | 3.3 |
CAJA | −2.7531 | −79.2370 | 0.5 | 7.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 4.9 | −1.4 |
CAME | −0.6797 | −78.5063 | 5.1 | 10.7 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 9.8 | 1.4 |
CAPA | −0.3689 | −80.4732 | 20.8 | 12.9 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 25.6 | 3.9 |
CASI | −0.0366 | −78.4802 | 6.9 | 11.4 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 11.7 | 2.1 |
CATE | 0.0002 | −78.4284 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 10.5 | 0.0 |
CHIS | −1.0531 | −80.7284 | 11.2 | 15.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 15.8 | 6.2 |
CHON | −1.4331 | −78.4632 | 1.1 | 9.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 5.6 | 0.5 |
CLPI | −3.2549 | −79.3200 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 4.3 | −3.2 |
CNJO | 0.2381 | −76.8447 | −2.8 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 |
CONE | −0.6600 | −78.4137 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 7.9 | 1.0 |
CORA | −1.1381 | −79.0792 | 2.3 | 10.8 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 6.9 | 1.6 |
CORE | −0.3278 | −78.5241 | 5.5 | 10.9 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 10.3 | 1.6 |
CUEC | −2.8833 | −79.0025 | −0.3 | 7.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 4.1 | −2.0 |
CUEL | 0.3895 | −78.5328 | 7.7 | 8.8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 12.5 | −0.5 |
CUER | −2.3587 | −79.5328 | 1.0 | 12.1 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 5.4 | 3.0 |
DAUL | −1.8766 | −79.9955 | 6.2 | 12.1 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 10.6 | 3.0 |
DESV | −1.0405 | −79.9240 | 6.4 | 12.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 11.0 | 3.5 |
ELCH | −0.3345 | −77.8064 | −0.8 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.8 |
FLFR | −0.3574 | −79.8427 | 10.5 | 11.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 15.2 | 1.9 |
FRAN | −3.0078 | −79.0431 | −3.6 | 11.8 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 2.6 |
GONZ | −4.2264 | −79.4307 | −0.7 | 7.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 3.5 | −2.1 |
GPH1 | −2.7372 | −79.9112 | 1.8 | 10.9 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 6.2 | 1.9 |
GUAQ | −3.8304 | −79.5748 | −4.9 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 1.8 | −0.6 | −4.4 |
GYEC | −2.1494 | −79.8919 | 4.4 | 13.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 8.9 | 4.7 |
HENO | −0.1319 | −76.6490 | −2.6 | 9.0 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 2.1 | −0.5 |
HONA | −3.4765 | −79.1599 | −0.8 | 7.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 3.5 | −1.6 |
HUAC | −0.7073 | −77.8049 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 4.9 | −1.2 |
IGMV | −0.2151 | −78.4936 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 11.7 | 0.0 |
IGNA | −0.4509 | −78.7519 | 5.6 | 11.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 10.3 | 2.5 |
ISPT | −1.2621 | −81.0736 | 31.1 | 14.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 35.6 | 5.9 |
JER1 | −0.0054 | −78.3580 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 8.6 | 2.2 |
JERU | −0.0056 | −78.3580 | 5.0 | 11.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 2.4 |
JICA | −2.2718 | −79.9039 | 4.0 | 12.8 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 8.4 | 3.7 |
JUJA | −1.8943 | −79.5539 | 5.0 | 12.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 9.5 | 3.4 |
LACH | 0.1610 | −78.4200 | 5.0 | 11.9 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 9.7 | 2.6 |
LATA | −0.8139 | −78.6265 | 4.5 | 10.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 9.2 | 1.5 |
LCOL | −0.2499 | −79.2037 | 8.4 | 11.6 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 13.1 | 2.5 |
LGCB | 0.3821 | −79.5753 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 16.9 | 3.3 |
LIBE | −2.2191 | −80.9051 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 12.0 | 1.5 |
LITA | 0.7263 | −78.2187 | 7.2 | 12.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 12.0 | 2.7 |
LITS | 0.8702 | −78.4480 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 13.2 | 2.4 |
LJEC | −3.9883 | −79.1985 | −0.7 | 6.2 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 3.5 | −2.9 |
LORO | −1.6132 | −75.9869 | −5.1 | 11.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | −0.5 | 1.6 |
LUMD | 0.0083 | −77.3222 | −1.3 | 9.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 0.2 |
MACH | −3.2565 | −79.9685 | 1.8 | 9.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 0.2 |
MALD | 1.0701 | −78.9089 | 6.7 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 4.0 | 11.6 | 0.3 |
MANT | −0.9366 | −80.6712 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 16.5 | 3.6 |
MARI | −0.0496 | −76.2951 | −2.7 | 8.6 | 6.2 | 2.8 | 2.0 | −1.0 |
MEND | −2.7175 | −78.3196 | 0.1 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 4.5 | −1.7 |
MINA | −0.9632 | −80.2788 | 5.6 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 10.3 | 3.5 |
MIRA | −0.2704 | −78.5089 | 5.4 | 10.1 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 10.1 | 0.8 |
MIRD | −0.5827 | −79.1640 | 3.0 | 14.3 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 7.7 | 5.1 |
MOCA | −1.1871 | −79.5091 | 5.1 | 11.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 9.7 | 2.8 |
MONT | −2.0673 | −76.9808 | −2.7 | 9.6 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.1 |
MORU | −0.7253 | −78.4591 | 4.2 | 11.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 8.8 | 1.8 |
MUIS | 0.6045 | −80.0238 | 15.2 | 13.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 20.0 | 4.9 |
NARI | −3.1413 | −79.5365 | −1.0 | 7.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 3.3 | −1.2 |
OYAM | −0.2034 | −78.3285 | 0.5 | 19.6 | 10.0 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 10.3 |
PAJA | −1.5541 | −80.4283 | 7.3 | 12.1 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 11.9 | 3.1 |
PANE | −0.2291 | −78.5183 | 2.2 | 13.9 | 12.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 4.7 |
PAPA | −0.3809 | −78.1405 | 4.1 | 13.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 8.8 | 4.4 |
PDNS | 0.1114 | −79.9910 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 18.7 | 5.2 |
PINT | −0.4201 | −78.3556 | 5.9 | 14.2 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 10.6 | 4.8 |
POSO | −2.7102 | −80.2434 | 3.3 | 8.2 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 7.6 | −0.8 |
PPRT | −0.1253 | −80.2165 | 15.4 | 15.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 20.1 | 6.7 |
PROG | −2.4108 | −80.3654 | 5.4 | 11.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 9.8 | 2.9 |
PTEC | −1.0580 | −80.4746 | 7.8 | 13.1 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 12.4 | 4.1 |
PTGL | 0.7815 | −80.0304 | 18.9 | 14.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 23.8 | 5.0 |
PTQT | 0.1230 | −79.2520 | 11.0 | 9.6 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 15.8 | 0.4 |
PUEB | −1.5589 | −79.5307 | 5.7 | 10.2 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 10.2 | 1.1 |
PUYO | −1.5048 | −78.0640 | −1.5 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 3.1 | −1.6 |
QNDE | 0.3275 | −79.4755 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 15.7 | 2.0 |
QUEM | −0.2371 | −78.4973 | 8.1 | 11.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 12.9 | 2.1 |
QUI1 | −0.2152 | −78.4936 | 7.2 | 10.8 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 12.0 | 1.6 |
REDO | 0.3044 | −78.0462 | 1.3 | 10.5 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 6.1 | 1.1 |
RETU | −1.4518 | −78.4424 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 10.0 | 0.3 |
REVE | −0.0473 | −77.5268 | −1.3 | 7.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 3.4 | −2.1 |
RIOB | −1.7007 | −78.5912 | 3.1 | 6.2 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 7.6 | −3.1 |
RIOP | −1.6506 | −78.6511 | −0.6 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 3.9 | −3.6 |
RVRD | 1.0676 | −79.3851 | 16.2 | 14.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 21.1 | 5.1 |
SABA | −1.8409 | −80.2230 | 4.1 | 10.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 8.6 | 1.5 |
SALN | −2.1862 | −80.9908 | 8.8 | 12.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 13.3 | 3.3 |
SBAR | 0.6463 | −77.5248 | 0.7 | 12.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 5.6 | 3.1 |
SCHA | −0.3264 | −76.9125 | −5.5 | 9.1 | 3.1 | 1.3 | −0.8 | −0.4 |
SFCO | 1.0915 | −78.7012 | 7.4 | 13.6 | 5.6 | 2.6 | 12.3 | 4.3 |
SNLR | 1.2925 | −78.8470 | 10.2 | 8.8 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 15.2 | −0.4 |
SNTI | −3.0495 | −78.0102 | −0.8 | 6.9 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 3.5 | −2.4 |
SRAM | −0.6100 | −79.5607 | 8.2 | 11.2 | 3.9 | 1.9 | 12.9 | 2.1 |
STAA | −1.1827 | −80.3872 | 4.0 | 12.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 8.6 | 3.1 |
TAMB | −0.6872 | −78.4011 | 3.2 | 10.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 7.9 | 1.1 |
TETE | 0.1769 | −76.5329 | 11.8 | 10.3 | 6.6 | 1.8 | 16.6 | 0.7 |
TOLA | 1.2103 | −79.0454 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 16.3 | 1.6 |
TOTO | −2.2569 | −78.6728 | 0.7 | 6.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 5.1 | −2.5 |
TULC | 0.8120 | −77.7053 | 2.8 | 12.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 7.7 | 2.8 |
TURI | −0.3679 | −78.5764 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 14.5 | 1.1 |
UNGU | −0.2374 | −78.5572 | 7.3 | 10.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 12.0 | 1.1 |
ZAGR | −1.9075 | −78.6106 | −0.6 | 7.5 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 3.9 | −1.7 |
ZAMO | −4.0548 | −78.9320 | −0.1 | 7.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 4.1 | −1.7 |
ZHUD | −2.4613 | −79.0059 | 1.3 | 7.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 5.7 | −1.8 |
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Tamay, J.; Galindo-Zaldivar, J.; Soto, J.; Gil, A.J. GNSS Constraints to Active Tectonic Deformations of the South American Continental Margin in Ecuador. Sensors 2021, 21, 4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124003
Tamay J, Galindo-Zaldivar J, Soto J, Gil AJ. GNSS Constraints to Active Tectonic Deformations of the South American Continental Margin in Ecuador. Sensors. 2021; 21(12):4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124003
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamay, José, Jesús Galindo-Zaldivar, John Soto, and Antonio J. Gil. 2021. "GNSS Constraints to Active Tectonic Deformations of the South American Continental Margin in Ecuador" Sensors 21, no. 12: 4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124003
APA StyleTamay, J., Galindo-Zaldivar, J., Soto, J., & Gil, A. J. (2021). GNSS Constraints to Active Tectonic Deformations of the South American Continental Margin in Ecuador. Sensors, 21(12), 4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124003