Damage Proxy Map of the Beirut Explosion on 4th of August 2020 as Observed from the Copernicus Sensors
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Methodology
3.2. Datasets
3.3. Big-Data Cloud Platform
4. Results
4.1. Sentinel-1 Analysis
4.1.1. Sentinel-1 Change Detection Analysis
4.1.2. Sentinel-1 InSAR Image Analysis
4.2. Sentinel-2 Image Analysis
5. Comparison with Other Results
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Lazecký, M.; Hatton, E.; González, P.J.; Hlaváčová, I.; Jiránková, E.; Dvořák, F.; Šustr, Z.; Martinovič, J. Displacements monitoring over Czechia by IT4S1 System for Automatised Interferometric measurements using sentinel-1 data. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pawluszek-Filipiak, K.; Oreńczak, N.; Pasternak, M. Investigating the effect of cross-modeling in landslide susceptibility mapping. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agapiou, A.; Lysandrou, V.; Hadjimitsis, D.G. Earth observation contribution to cultural heritage disaster risk management: Case study of Eastern Mediterranean open air archaeological monuments and sites. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhuo, G.; Dai, K.; Huang, H.; Li, S.; Shi, X.; Feng, Y.; Li, T.; Dong, X.; Deng, J. Evaluating potential ground subsidence geo-hazard of Xiamen Xiang’an new airport on reclaimed land by SAR interferometry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scientists Map Beirut Blast Damage. Available online: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147098/scientists-map-beirut-blast-damage (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Hazard Program. Available online: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b9bx/executive (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- Center for Satellite Based Crisis Information (ZKI) of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). Available online: https://activations.zki.dlr.de/en/activations/items/ACT148.html (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- ARIA-SG Damage Proxy Map (Copernicus Sentinel-1) on 8/5/2020 for the Explosion in Lebanon 2020. Available online: https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/arcgis/home/item.html?id=d9f8c773bfd04042819b646d8f2980c0 (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- European Space Imaging. Available online: https://www.euspaceimaging.com/beirut-lebanon-satellite-images-show-explosion-damage/ (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF). Available online: https://asf.alaska.edu (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- About HyP3. Available online: https://hyp3.asf.alaska.edu/about (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- Werner, C.L.; Wegmüller, U.; Strozzi, T. Processing Strategies for Phase Unwrapping for InSar Applications. 2002. Available online: https://www.gamma-rs.ch/uploads/media/2002-4_PhaseUnwrapping.pdf (accessed on 16 August 2020).
- EU-DEM. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/copernicus-land-monitoring-service-eu-dem (accessed on 30 October 2020).
- Sentinel Data Hub. Available online: https://scihub.copernicus.eu (accessed on 30 October 2020).
- Campbell, J.B. Introduction to Remote Sensing; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Agapiou, A. Detecting looting activity through earth observation multi-temporal analysis over the archaeological site of Apamea (Syria) during 2011–2012. J. Comput. Appl. Archaeol. 2020, 3, 219–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bustos, C.; Campanella, O.; Kpalma, K.; Magnago, F.; Ronsin, J. A method for change detection with multi-temporal satellite images based on Principal Component Analysis. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Images (Multi-Temp), Trento, Italy, 12–14 July 2011; pp. 197–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sentinel Toolbox. Available online: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/toolboxes (accessed on 13 August 2020).
- Gamma Software. Available online: https://www.gamma-rs.ch (accessed on 13 August 2020).
- Sun, X.; Zimmer, A.; Mukherjee, S.; Kottayil, N.K.; Ghuman, P.; Cheng, I. DeepInSAR—A deep learning framework for SAR Interferometric phase restoration and coherence estimation. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MapAction Platform. Available online: https://maps.mapaction.org/event/2020-lbn-001 (accessed on 16 August 2020).
Name | Characteristics Prior to the Event (Reference-D1) | Characteristics After the Event (Secondary–D2) |
---|---|---|
Date | The 24th of July 2020 | The 5th of August 2020 |
Mode | Interferometric Wide swath (IW) | Interferometric Wide swath (IW) |
Satellite | Sentinel-1B | Sentinel-1B |
Absolute Orbit number | 22,615 | 22,790 |
Pass direction | ASCENDING | ASCENDING |
Polarization | VV + VH | VV + VH |
Product type | ground range (GRD) | ground range (GRD) |
Path | 14 | 14 |
Frame | 107 | 107 |
Name | Characteristics Prior to the Event (Reference—D1) | Characteristics After the Event (Secondary—D2) |
---|---|---|
Date | The 31st of July 2020 | The 6th of August 2020 |
Mode | Interferometric Wide swath (IW) | Interferometric Wide swath (IW) |
Satellite | Sentinel-1B | Sentinel-1B |
Absolute Orbit number | 33,693 | 22,797 |
Pass direction | DESCENDING | DESCENDING |
Polarization | VV + VH | VV + VH |
Product type | Single Look Complex (SLC) | Single Look Complex (SLC) |
Path | 21 | 21 |
Frame | 480 | 480 |
Name | Characteristics Prior to the Event (Reference—D1) | Characteristics After the Event (Secondary—D2) |
---|---|---|
Date | The 29th of July 2020 | The 10th of August 2020 |
Mode | Interferometric Wide swath (IW) | Interferometric Wide swath (IW) |
Satellite | Sentinel-1B | Sentinel-1B |
Absolute Orbit number | 22,688 | 22,863 |
Pass direction | ASCENDING | ASCENDING |
Polarization | VV + VH | VV + VH |
Product type | Single Look Complex (SLC) | Single Look Complex (SLC) |
Path | 87 | 87 |
Frame | 107 | 107 |
Log Difference | Zone A | Zone B | Zone C | Zone D | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
>−0.25 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 7.1 |
−0.25 to −0.15 | 4.4 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 23.4 |
0.15 to 0.25 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 13.0 |
>0.25 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 4.7 |
Total | 17.9 | 11.8 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 48.2 |
Log Difference | Zone A | Zone B | Zone C | Zone D | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
>−0.25 | 14.4 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 26.7 |
−0.25 to −0.15 | 6.0 | 12.6 | 16.1 | 10.7 | 45.5 |
0.15 to 0.25 | 3.1 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 19.0 |
>0.25 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 7.8 |
Total | 25.8 | 25.4 | 26.9 | 20.9 | 99.0 |
Log Difference | Zone A | Zone B | Zone C | Zone D | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
>−0.25 | 11.0 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 23.3 |
−0.25 to −0.15 | 8.3 | 17.0 | 19.6 | 12.6 | 57.4 |
0.15 to 0.25 | 5.9 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 27.0 |
>0.25 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 9.2 |
Total | 29.0 | 32.0 | 31.7 | 24.2 | 116.9 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Agapiou, A. Damage Proxy Map of the Beirut Explosion on 4th of August 2020 as Observed from the Copernicus Sensors. Sensors 2020, 20, 6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216382
Agapiou A. Damage Proxy Map of the Beirut Explosion on 4th of August 2020 as Observed from the Copernicus Sensors. Sensors. 2020; 20(21):6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216382
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgapiou, Athos. 2020. "Damage Proxy Map of the Beirut Explosion on 4th of August 2020 as Observed from the Copernicus Sensors" Sensors 20, no. 21: 6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216382
APA StyleAgapiou, A. (2020). Damage Proxy Map of the Beirut Explosion on 4th of August 2020 as Observed from the Copernicus Sensors. Sensors, 20(21), 6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216382