Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Search
2.1. Brain Irradiation
2.2. Agricultural Chemicals
2.3. Electromagnetic Fields
2.4. Diet and Lifestyle
2.5. Impact of Combustion Products
2.6. Ultraviolet
2.7. Heavy Metals
2.8. Geography, Demography, and Environmental Cues
2.9. Infectious Diseases
2.10. Recreational Substances and Habits
2.11. Intake of Drugs
3. Discussion
Environmental/Lifestyle Factors Implicated in Glioma Initiation and/or Progression | Level of Evidence | References | Proposed Mechanisms |
---|---|---|---|
Agricultural chemicals, pesticides | 3b | [51] | Oxidative stress, DNA damage, carcinogenic organic compound formation [63] |
3a | [68] | ||
Brain irradiation | 2a | [41] | DNA damage leading to oncogene amplifications and homozygous deletions of tumor suppressor genes [48] |
Combustion products and air pollutants | 2b | [118] | Oxidative stress, DNA damage [119] |
3b | [123] | ||
Firefighting chemicals (haloalkanes) | 3b | [127] | Mutations characterized by SBS42 signature [127] |
Heavy metals | 2b | [135] | Oxidative stress, DNA damage, impaired DNA repair gene expression, OGG1 [133,138] |
3b | [136] | ||
Microwave radiation | 3a | [93] | Induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the brain [78,79] |
3b | [92] | ||
4 | [81] | ||
5 | [218] | ||
Oral contraceptives | 3b | [209] | Interaction of synthetic hormones with sex hormone receptors in brain cells [219,220] |
Poverty | 2b | [169] | Increased exposures to environmental hazards and limited access to healthcare [169] |
2b | [168] | ||
2b | [170] | ||
Smoking tobacco | 4 | [198] | Increased production of neurocarcinogens and ROS [204,205] |
3a | [21] | ||
Viruses | 3a | [186] | Activation of oncogenic pathways and angiogenesis [189,190] |
5 | [185] |
Future Research Directions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ostrowski, R.P.; Acewicz, A.; He, Z.; Pucko, E.B.; Godlewski, J. Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157425
Ostrowski RP, Acewicz A, He Z, Pucko EB, Godlewski J. Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(15):7425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157425
Chicago/Turabian StyleOstrowski, Robert P., Albert Acewicz, Zhaohui He, Emanuela B. Pucko, and Jakub Godlewski. 2025. "Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 15: 7425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157425
APA StyleOstrowski, R. P., Acewicz, A., He, Z., Pucko, E. B., & Godlewski, J. (2025). Environmental Hazards and Glial Brain Tumors: Association or Causation? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(15), 7425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157425