Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Metabolism of LPA
2.1. Extracellular Synthesis Pathways
2.2. Intracellular Synthesis Pathways
2.3. Degradation
3. LPA Signaling and Receptors
4. LPA, Macrophages, and Inflammation
4.1. LPA in the Migration and Infiltration of Macrophages
4.2. LPA in Inflammation Regulation of Macrophages
5. ATX/LPA Signals in Macrophage Dysfunction and Inflammation Diseases
5.1. Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
5.2. Infection of the Gastrointestinal Tract
5.3. Asthma
5.4. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
5.5. Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
6. ATX/LPA Signals in Other Macrophage-Dysfunction-Related Diseases
6.1. Tumor
6.2. Atherosclerosis
6.3. Fibrosis
7. Intervention Strategies Targeting LPA Metabolism in Macrophages and Diseases
7.1. Intervention Strategies in LPA Receptors
7.2. Invention Strategies for the Attenuation of ATX
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Receptors | G Protein | Cascade Pathways | Functions | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
LPA1/Edg2/vzg-1 | Gα12/13, Gαq/11, and Gαi | PLC, MAPK, Akt, Rho, and YAP/Taz activation | Cerebral cortex formation and function; Myelination; Astrocyte proliferation and astrogliosis; Cell proliferation; SRE activation; Activation of AC inhibition; Ca2+ mobilization; Development of neuropathic pain. | [11,12,13,14] |
LPA2/Edg4 | Gα12/13, Gαq/11, and Gαi | MAPK, PLC, Akt, Notch, and Rho activation | AC inhibition; Ca2+ mobilization; SRE activation; Neurogenesis; Ovarian cancer aggressiveness; Migration and invasion activities of SGc-7901 gastric cancer cells. | [15,16,17] |
LPA3/Edg7 | Gαq/Gαi | PLC, YAP/Taz, and MAPK activation | Ca2+ mobilization; AC inhibition and activation; Embryo implantation and altering embryo spacing; Ovarian cancer aggressiveness. | [16,18,19] |
LPA4/p2y9/GPR23 | Gα12/13, Gαq/11, Gαi, and Gαs | Rho/ROCK, MAPK, Akt, and PLC activation | Cell aggregation; N-cadherin-dependent cell adhesion; Intracellular cAMP accumulation; Negatively regulates cell motility. | [8,20,21,22,23] |
LPA5/GPR92 | Gα12/13 and Gαq/11 | PLC activation | Neurite retraction and stress fiber formation; Increases cAMP levels and inositol phosphate production; Affects water absorption in the colon; Ca2+ mobilization. | [8,24,25] |
LPA6/p2y5 | G12/13 | Rho activation | AC activation; Neurite retraction in B103-LPA6 cells; Membrane blebbing in RH7777-LPA6 cells; Involved in hypotrichosis simplex; Involved in metastasis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. | [26,27,28] |
Disease | Target | Drug Name | Phase | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier |
---|---|---|---|---|
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | LPA1 inhibitor | BMS-986020 | 2 | NCT01766817 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | LPA1 inhibitor | 18F-BMS-986327 | 1 | NCT04069143 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | ATX inhibitor | BBT-877 | 1 | NCT03830125 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | ATX inhibitor | GLPG1690 | 2 | NCT02738801 |
Metastatic pancreatic cancer | ATX inhibitor | IOA-289 | 1/2 | NCT05586516 |
Chronic liver disease | ATX inhibitor | BLD-0409 | 1 | NCT04146805 |
Systemic sclerosis | LPA1 inhibitor | SAR100842 | 2 | NCT01651143 |
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Jiang, S.; Yang, H.; Li, M. Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512524
Jiang S, Yang H, Li M. Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):12524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512524
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Shufan, Huili Yang, and Mingqing Li. 2023. "Emerging Roles of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Macrophages and Inflammatory Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 12524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512524