Distinct Clades of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory B’/B56 Subunits Engage in Different Physiological Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. B’ Structure and Recognition of Slim Motifs
Higher Plant B’ Clade | Each Clade Member Greek Letter/Number | AGI Locus Identifier and Protein UNIProtKB | Relative Expression in Seedlings% | Relative Expression in Rosette % | Relative Expression in Pollen % | Phosphorylation Predicted Number of Ser/Thr in Hot Spots | Matre 2009 Waadt 2015 Wang 2016 Main Localization (See Also Text) | SUBA Consensus Maximum Localization |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α, β, ε/3,4,7 | B’α/B3 | At5g03470 O04375 | 21 | 52 | 20 | 2 | nucleus | nucleus 1.0 |
B’β/B4 | At3g09880 O04376 | 42 | 45 | 15 | 7 | nucleus | nucleus 1.0 | |
B’ε/B7 | At3g54930 Q9SV41 | 9 | 18 | 73 | 4 | cytosol nucleus | nucleus 0.76 | |
γ, ζ/5,8 | B’γ/B5 | At4g15415 Q8RW96 | 39 | 37 | 16 | 0 | cytosol nucleus | cytosol 0.958 |
B’ζ/B8 | At3g21650 Q9LVE2 | 21 | 65 | 6 | 11 | cytosol mitochondrion nuclear | mitochondrion 0.728 | |
δ, η, θ/6,9,10 | B’δ/B6 | At3G26030 Q9ZQY6 | 100 | 100 | 0.3 | 0 | cytosol phragmoplast | golgi 1.000 |
B’η/B9 | At3g26020 | 36 | 32 | 43 | 15 | cytosol nucleus | nucleus 1.000 | |
B’θ/B10 | At1g13460 | 36 | 10 | 14 | 11 | cytosol peroxisome nuclear | nucleus 0.496 golgi 0.406 | |
κ/11 | B’κ/B11 | At5g25510 Q93YV6 | 70 | 76 | 100 | 11 | cytosol nuclear | plastid 0.760 nucleus cytosol |
ϕ | B’ϕ | not in Arabidopsis | - | - | - |
3. Expression Levels and Subcellular Localization Enable Diverse Functions of B’ Subunits
4. PP2A Is Involved in Various Hormone Signaling Pathways
4.1. Auxin and Ethylene
4.2. Brassinosteroid Signaling Is Regulated Positively by B’α and B’β and Negatively by Other B’ Subunits
4.3. Salicylic Acid Signaling—Involvement of B’γ
5. Interactions with Microbes
6. Transition to Reproductive Phase—Five b’ Single Mutants (γ, ζ, η, θ, κ) Are Late Flowering
7. Cell Division
7.1. B’α and B’β Bind Shugoshin and Are Needed for Proper Meiosis in Plants
7.2. A Dephosphorylation Relay with PP1, PP2A-B55, and PP2A-B56 Controlling Mitosis Exit May Be Conserved in Plants
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flowering Time Marker Genes | AGI Number | Flowering Pathway | B’56 Docking Motif |
---|---|---|---|
FLK (FLOWERING LOCUS K) | At3g04610 | Autonomous | IKKIVEETR |
FLD (FLOWERING LOCUS D) | At3g10390 | Autonomous | LRGIYEPQG LYYLCETLG |
FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C) | At5g10140 | Autonomous | LVQLEEHLE |
SVP (SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE) | At2g22540 | Ambient temperature | MSEISELQK LTRVIETKS |
SPL3 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE3) | At2g33810 | Age | LRELSEEEE |
GI (GIGANTEA) | At1g22770 | Photoperiodic | LLGLLEAPP ICTIWEAAY LLKVLEYLP ILAILEALF |
FKF1 (FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1) | At1g68050 | Photoperiodic | LNELHELCL |
VRN2 (VERNALIZATION 2) | At4g16845 | Vernalization | CNTILENCR |
MYB33 (MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 33) | At5g06100 | Gibberellin | LGIVKETGS |
Subunit | AGI Number | PP1 Docking Motifs and POLO Kinase Consensus |
---|---|---|
B’α | At5g03470 | TVIRGLLKFWPVTNCTKEVLFLGELEEVLE |
B’ε | At3g54930 | TVIRGLLKFWPLTNCQKEVLFLGELEEVLD |
B’γ | At4g15415 | TVIRGLLKYWPVTNSSKEVMFLGELEEVLE |
B’ζ | At3g21650 | TVIRGLLKYWPVTNSSKEVMFLGELEEVLE |
B’η | At3g26020 | TVIRGLLKYWPVTNSSKEVMFLNELEEVVI |
B’θ | At1g13460 | TVIRGLLKSWPVTNSSKEVMFLNELEEVLE |
B’κ | At5g25510 | VVIKGLLKFWPITNSQKEVMFLGEVEEIVE |
B55α | At1g51690 | RERERGNHLATGDRGGRVVLFERTDTNNSS |
B55β | At1g17720 | EFDKSGDHLATGDRGGRVVLFERTDTKDHG |
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Heidari, B.; Nemie-Feyissa, D.; Lillo, C. Distinct Clades of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory B’/B56 Subunits Engage in Different Physiological Processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 12255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512255
Heidari B, Nemie-Feyissa D, Lillo C. Distinct Clades of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory B’/B56 Subunits Engage in Different Physiological Processes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(15):12255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512255
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidari, Behzad, Dugassa Nemie-Feyissa, and Cathrine Lillo. 2023. "Distinct Clades of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory B’/B56 Subunits Engage in Different Physiological Processes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15: 12255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512255