The Abscopal Effect: A Review of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Advances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immunostimulation by Radiotherapy Alone and the Abscopal Effect
2.1. Pre-Clinical Data
2.2. Clinical Studies
3. Combined Radiation with ICI and the Abscopal Effect
3.1. Pre-Clinical Data
3.2. Clinical Evidence
4. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Cancer | Irradiation Regimen | Immunotherapy | Sequence of Therapies | Clinical Trial Number | Start Date | Phase | Accrual Goal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastases | Yttrium-90 Radioembolization | Durvalumab | IO pre- and post-radiation | NCT04108481 | 10/1/21 | 1/2 | 18 |
NSCLC | 30–50 Gy in/5 Fractions (2–4 lesions) | Toripalimab/Bevacizumab | IO with and post-radiation | NCT04238169 | 9/1/20 | 2 | 60 |
NSCLC | 20 × 2 Gy (daily over 4 weeks) or 5 × 5 Gy (daily over 1 week) or 3 × 8 Gy (on alternate days over 1 week) | Durvalumab | Chemo then IO pre- and with radiation followed by surgery and post-op IO | NCT04245514 | 7/1/20 | 2 | 90 |
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma | 1 × 20Gy | Nivolumab | IO with and post-radiation | NCT03480334 | 12/1/19 | 2 | 29 |
NSCLC, RCC, H&N SCC, and Melanoma | 8 Gy × 3 fractions | Pembrolizumab and intralesional IL-2 | Radiation with 2nd of 4 cycles IO | NCT03474497 | 5/1/19 | 1/2 | 45 |
Unknown Primary | 20–30 Gy over five fractions for up to two cycles | Pembrolizumab | Radiation with 2nd cycle of up to 24 months of IO | NCT03396471 | 2/1/18 | 2 | 34 |
NSCLC | Image-guided radiation therapy | Nivolumab/Pembrolizumab/Atezolizumab | Radiation within 2 weeks of patient′s standard-of-care IO | NCT03176173 | 6/1/17 | 2 | 85 |
Mesothelioma | 3–5 fractions of SBRT | Immunotherapy at discretion of medical oncology | IO at discretion of medical oncologist | NCT04926948 | 6/1/21 | 1 | 20 |
NSCLC | SBRT | IL-19-IL-2 | IO post-radiation only | NCT03705403 IMMUNOSABR2 | 4/1/19 | 2 | 126 |
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Janopaul-Naylor, J.R.; Shen, Y.; Qian, D.C.; Buchwald, Z.S. The Abscopal Effect: A Review of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Advances. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011061
Janopaul-Naylor JR, Shen Y, Qian DC, Buchwald ZS. The Abscopal Effect: A Review of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Advances. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):11061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011061
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanopaul-Naylor, James R., Yang Shen, David C. Qian, and Zachary S. Buchwald. 2021. "The Abscopal Effect: A Review of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Advances" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 11061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011061