Association Analysis in Children Born from Normal and Complicated Pregnancies—Cardiovascular Disease Associated microRNAs and the Incidence of Prehypertension/Hypertension, Overweight/Obesity, Valve Problems and Heart Defects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Abnormal microRNA Expression Profile in Children Born from Complicated Pregnancies
2.2. No Association between the Presence of Prehypertension/Hypertension and Expression of Examined microRNAs
2.3. Postnatal Expression Profile of 19 Tested microRNAs Differentiates between Overweight/Obese Children and Children with Nomal BMI Values
2.4. Postnatal Expression Profile of 10 Tested microRNAs Differentiates between Children with Abnormal and Normal Values of Echocardiographic Measurements
2.5. Postnatal Expression Profile of 19 Tested microRNAs Differentiates between Overweight/Obese and Normal Weight Children Born from Normal Pregnancies
2.6. Postnatal Expression Profile of 18 Tested microRNAs Differentiates between Overweight/Obese and Normal Weight Children Born from Complicated Gestation
2.7. Postnatal Expression Profile of 19 microRNAs Differentiates between Children with Abnormal and Normal Values of Echocardiographic Measurements Descending from Complicated Pregnancies
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
4.2. Blood Pressure and Echocardiography Measurements, and Body Mass Index Assessment
4.3. Processing of Samples, Reverse Transcription, and Relative Quantification of microRNAs
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GDM | Gestational diabetes mellitus |
PE | Preeclampsia |
FGR | Fetal growth restriction |
GH | Gestational hypertension |
AUC | Area under the Curve |
ROC | Receive Operating Characteristic |
FPR | False Positive Rate |
CI | Confidence Interval |
LR+ | Positive Likelihood Ratio |
LR- | Negative Likelihood Ratio |
NP | Normal Pregnancies |
BP | Blood Pressure |
OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test |
IADPSG | International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
SBP | Systolic Blood Pressure |
DBP | Diastolic Blood Pressure |
GA | Gestational age |
CS | Caesarean Section |
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NP (n = 92) | PE (n = 135) | FGR (n = 35) | GH (n = 53) | GDM (n = 118) | PTB (n = 33) | PPROM (n = 37) | p-Value 1 | p-Value 2 | p-Value 3 | p-Value 4 | p-Value 5 | p-Value 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At follow-up | |||||||||||||
Age (years) | 5 (3–11) | 5 (3–11) | 4 (3–10) | 5 (3–10) | 5 (3–10) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–9) | 1.000 | 0.302 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Height (cm) | 116.5 (98–153) | 114.0 (97–155) | 106.0 (93–152) | 112.0 (96–159.5) | 113.75 (98–153) | 115.0 (101–138) | 113.5 (102–145) | 1.000 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Weight (kg) | 21.25 14–40.8) | 19.25 (11.85–54.9) | 16.00 (12–37) | 19.70 (14–47.5) | 19.50 (14.4–47.1) | 19.70 (14.1–29.6) | 20.20 (14.7–47.9) | 0.331 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.54 (13.22–20) | 14.90 (12.34–22.81) | 14.24 (12.7–19.24) | 15.42 (13.42–19.7) | 15.32 (12.97–20.08) | 14.75 (12.09–19.89) | 15.86 (13.23–26.28) | 0.399 | <0.001 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.461 | 1.000 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 100.5 (84–123) | 99 (84–132) | 97 (82–123) | 99 (80–129) | 100 (82–125) | 100 (87–118) | 102 (88–125) | 1.000 | 0.812 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 61 (38–81) | 61 (41–88) | 60 (42–73) | 62 (49–83) | 61 (64–122) | 61 (43–72) | 64 (48–76) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Heart rate (n/min) | 90 (51–120) | 92 (64–117) | 95.5 (62–112) | 94 (65–129) | 97 (64–122) | 95 (76–120) | 96 (74–114) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.002 | 0.331 | 0.551 |
Abnormal echocardiographic findings | |||||||||||||
Yes | 17 (18.48%) | 18 (13.33%) | 9 (25.71%) | 12 (22.64%) | 42 (35.59%) | 10 (30.30%) | 15 (40.54%) | 0.292 | 0.367 | 0.546 | 0.006 | 0.157 | 0.009 |
No | 75 (81.52%) | 117 (86.66%) | 26 (74.29%) | 41 (77.36%) | 76 (64.41%) | 23 (69.70%) | 22 (59.46%) | ||||||
During gestation | |||||||||||||
Maternal age at delivery (years) | 32 (20–46) | 32 (21–44) | 32 (22–41) | 32 (27–51) | 34 (27–45) | 32 (20–39) | 32 (22–42) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.569 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
GA at delivery (weeks) | 39.86 (37.71–41.86) | 35.86 (26–41.72) | 35.14 (28–41) | 38.68 (33.43–41.28) | 39.57 (37–41.18) | 31.0 (24–36.43) | 33.43 (24.71–35.86) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 1.000 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Mode of delivery | |||||||||||||
Vaginal | 81 (88.04%) | 15 (11.11%) | 6 (17.14%) | 24 (45.28%) | 75 (63.56%) | 23 (69.70%) | 17 (45.95%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.016 | <0.001 |
CS | 11 (11.96%) | 120 (88.88%) | 29 (82.86%) | 29 (54.72%) | 43 (36.44%) | 10 (30.30%) | 20 (54.05%) | ||||||
Fetal birth weight (g) | 3410 (2530–4450) | 2360 (660–4490) | 1630 (650–3010) | 3150 (1940–4310) | 3485 (2700–4400) | 1570 (542–2820) | 2100 (600–2710) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.318 | 1.000 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Fetal sex | |||||||||||||
Boy | 47 (51.09%) | 57 (42.22%) | 18 (51.43%) | 26 (49.06%) | 74 (62.71%) | 20 (60.60%) | 15 (40.54%) | 0.188 | 0.973 | 0.814 | 0.091 | 0.347 | 0.278 |
Girl | 45 (48.91%) | 78 (57.77%) | 17 (48.57%) | 27 (50.94%) | 44 (37.29%) | 13 (39.40%) | 22 (59.46%) | ||||||
Primiparity | |||||||||||||
Yes | 49 (53.26%) | 109 (80.74%) | 34 (97.14%) | 36 (67.92%) | 54 (45.76%) | 23 (69.70%) | 28 (75.68%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.281 | 0.101 | 0.019 |
No | 43 (46.74%) | 26 (19.26%) | 1 (2.86%) | 17 (32.08%) | 64 (54.24%) | 10 (30.30%) | 9 (24.32%) | ||||||
Birth order of index pregnancy | |||||||||||||
1st | 39 (42.39%) | 87 (64.44%) | 29 (82.86%) | 28 (52.83%) | 42 (35.59%) | 14 (42.42%) | 17 (45.95%) | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.471 | 0.179 | 0.202 | 0.790 |
2nd | 34 (36.96%) | 28 (20.74%) | 2 (5.71%) | 13 (24.53%) | 45 (38.14%) | 9 (27.27%) | 12 (32.43%) | ||||||
3rd | 15 (16.30%) | 13 (9.63%) | 2 (5.71%) | 9 (16.98%) | 16 (13.56%) | 5 (15.15%) | 5 (13.51%) | ||||||
4th+ | 4 (4.35%) | 7 (5.19%) | 2 (5.71%) | 3 (5.66%) | 15 (12.71%) | 5 (15.15%) | 3 (8.11%) | ||||||
Infertility treatment | |||||||||||||
Yes | 3 (3.26%) | 34 (25.19%) | 9 (25.71%) | 7 (13.21%) | 16 (13.56%) | 4 (12.12%) | 6 (16.22%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.010 | 0.058 | 0.009 |
No | 89 (96.74%) | 101 (74.81%) | 26 (74.29%) | 46 (86.79%) | 102 (86.44%) | 29 (87.88%) | 31 (83.78%) |
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Hromadnikova, I.; Kotlabova, K.; Krofta, L.; Sirc, J. Association Analysis in Children Born from Normal and Complicated Pregnancies—Cardiovascular Disease Associated microRNAs and the Incidence of Prehypertension/Hypertension, Overweight/Obesity, Valve Problems and Heart Defects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218413
Hromadnikova I, Kotlabova K, Krofta L, Sirc J. Association Analysis in Children Born from Normal and Complicated Pregnancies—Cardiovascular Disease Associated microRNAs and the Incidence of Prehypertension/Hypertension, Overweight/Obesity, Valve Problems and Heart Defects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218413
Chicago/Turabian StyleHromadnikova, Ilona, Katerina Kotlabova, Ladislav Krofta, and Jan Sirc. 2020. "Association Analysis in Children Born from Normal and Complicated Pregnancies—Cardiovascular Disease Associated microRNAs and the Incidence of Prehypertension/Hypertension, Overweight/Obesity, Valve Problems and Heart Defects" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218413