Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles in a Group of Female Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)–Similar Trends of Changes, Different Pathophysiology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. FA in the MetS vs. CG [%]
2.2. FA in the CKD vs. CG [%]
2.3. FA in the CKD vs. MetS [%] and [mg/dL]
3. Discussion
3.1. FA in the MetS vs. CG
3.2. FA in the CKD vs. CG
3.3. FA in the CKD vs. MetS
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Isolation of Fatty Acids
4.2. Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALA | Alpha lipoic acid |
ALB | Albumin |
CG | Control group |
CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
CREA | Creatinine |
C18:3n6/C22:4n6 | Gamma linoleic acid/ docosatetraenoate |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | Eicosapentanoic acid |
FA | Fatty acid |
FER | Ferritin |
GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
GLA | Gamma-linolenic acid |
HGB | Haemoglobin |
iPTH | Parathyroid hormone |
Kt/V | Dialysis adequacy |
LA | Linoleic acid |
MetS | Metabolic syndrome |
MUFA | Mono-unsaturated fatty acids |
NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
PUFA | Poly-unsaturated fatty acids |
SFA | Saturated fatty acids |
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Fatty Acids | MetS | CG | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | MEAN | SD | Median | MEAN | SD | ||
C8:0 Caprylic acid | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.06 | 0.035 | 0.035 | p < 0.01 |
C10:0 Capric acid | 0.82 | 0.668 | 0.434 | 7.27 | 4.015 | 5.473 | p < 0.05 |
C11:0 Undecanoic acid | 0.01 | 0.023 | 0.013 | 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.035 | p = 0.17 |
C12:0 Lauric acid | 0.06 | 0.145 | 0.155 | 0.20 | 0.221 | 0.152 | p < 0.01 |
C14:0 Myristic acid | 0.38 | 1.175 | 0.325 | 0.48 | 1.442 | 0.421 | p < 0.01 |
C14:1 Myristolenic acid | 0.04 | 0.074 | 0.049 | 0.06 | 0.044 | 0.070 | p < 0.01 |
C15:0 Pentadecanoid acid | 0.21 | 0.333 | 0.114 | 0.24 | 0.396 | 0.156 | p = 0.23 |
C16:0 Palmitic acid | 1.28 | 27.905 | 1.734 | 4.12 | 25.423 | 2.363 | p < 0.01 |
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid | 0.80 | 1.944 | 0.510 | 0.70 | 1.460 | 0.487 | p < 0.01 |
C17:0 Heptadecanoid acid | 0.04 | 0.349 | 0.041 | 0.07 | 0.476 | 0.122 | p < 0.01 |
C17:1 cis-10- Heptadecanoid acid | 0.10 | 0.154 | 0.149 | 0.11 | 0.134 | 0.076 | p = 0.41 |
C18:0 Stearic acid | 1.27 | 11.500 | 0.962 | 2.13 | 13.319 | 1.791 | p < 0.01 |
C18:1n9 ct Oleic acid | 3.23 | 23.283 | 2.543 | 3.34 | 17.661 | 3.152 | p < 0.01 |
C18:1 Trans-vaccinic acid | 0.16 | 2.028 | 0.177 | 0.32 | 1.611 | 0.276 | p < 0.01 |
C18:2n6c Linoleic acid | 3.51 | 17.356 | 2.782 | 2.91 | 20.877 | 1.962 | p < 0.01 |
C18:3n6 Gamma linoleic acid | 0.12 | 0.212 | 0.071 | 0.14 | 0.230 | 0.133 | p = 0.56 |
C18:3n3 Linolenic acid | 0.30 | 0.676 | 0.255 | 0.28 | 0.614 | 0.208 | p = 0.55 |
C20:0 Arachidic acid | 0.05 | 0.156 | 0.041 | 0.14 | 0.221 | 0.159 | p < 0.05 |
C22:1/C20:1 cis11- eicosanic acid | 0.10 | 0.268 | 0.172 | 0.20 | 0.156 | 0.120 | p < 0.05 |
C20:2 cis-11-eicodienoic acid | 0.03 | 0.211 | 0.043 | 0.18 | 0.103 | 0.091 | p < 0.01 |
C20:3n6 Eicosatrienoic acid | 0.30 | 1.130 | 0.285 | 0.40 | 1.220 | 0.336 | p = 0.32 |
C20:4n6 Arachidonic acid | 1.54 | 5.410 | 1.052 | 1.12 | 5.908 | 1.328 | p = 0.43 |
C20:3n3 cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | 0.03 | 0.010 | 0.016 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p < 0.01 |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentanoic acid | 0.56 | 0.913 | 0.521 | 0.86 | 1.096 | 1.031 | p = 0.22 |
C22:0 Behenic acid | 0.03 | 0.050 | 0.037 | 0.27 | 0.167 | 0.243 | p < 0.05 |
C22:1n9 13 Erucic acid | 0.02 | 0.577 | 1.730 | 0.00 | 0.025 | 0.050 | p = 0.12 |
C23:0 Tricosanoic acid | 0.08 | 0.130 | 0.247 | 0.25 | 0.133 | 0.128 | p = 0.76 |
C22:4n6 (docosatetraenoate) | 0.21 | 0.266 | 0.162 | 0.15 | 0.097 | 0.071 | p < 0.01 |
C22:5w3 (docosapentaenate) | 0.10 | 0.591 | 0.154 | 0.28 | 0.504 | 0.234 | p = 0.32 |
C24:0 Lignoceric acid | 0.38 | 0.075 | 0.169 | 0.00 | 0.307 | 0.708 | p < 0.05 |
C22:6n3 Decosahexaenoic acid | 0.48 | 2.177 | 0.536 | 1.19 | 1.842 | 1.257 | p = 0.19 |
C24:1 Nervonic acid | 0.04 | 0.055 | 0.043 | 0.00 | 0.009 | 0.033 | p < 0.01 |
Fatty Acids | CKD | CG | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | MEAN | SD | Median | MEAN | SD | ||
0.07 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.06 | 0.035 | 0.035 | p = 0.30 | |
C10:0 Capric acid | 0.03 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 7.27 | 4.015 | 5.473 | p < 0.05 |
C11:0 Undecanoic acid | 0.02 | 0.074 | 0.014 | 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.035 | p < 0.01 |
C12:0 Lauric acid | 0.05 | 0.210 | 0.143 | 0.20 | 0.221 | 0.152 | p < 0.05 |
C14:0 Myristic acid | 0.35 | 1.370 | 0.316 | 0.48 | 1.442 | 0.421 | p = 0.21 |
C14:1 Myristolenic acid | 0.06 | 0.073 | 0.039 | 0.06 | 0.044 | 0.070 | p < 0.01 |
C15:0 Pentadecanoid acid | 0.09 | 0.292 | 0.084 | 0.24 | 0.396 | 0.156 | p < 0.01 |
C16:0 Palmitic acid | 1.18 | 28.042 | 0.954 | 4.12 | 25.423 | 2.363 | p < 0.01 |
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid | 1.19 | 2.130 | 0.700 | 0.70 | 1.460 | 0.487 | p < 0.01 |
C17:0 Heptadecanoid acid | 0.09 | 0.377 | 0.076 | 0.07 | 0.476 | 0.122 | p < 0.01 |
C17:1 cis-10- Heptadecanoid acid | 0.06 | 0.191 | 0.050 | 0.11 | 0.134 | 0.076 | p < 0.05 |
C18:0 Stearic acid | 1.30 | 10.770 | 0.760 | 2.13 | 13.319 | 1.791 | p < 0.01 |
C18:1n9 ct Oleic acid | 1.44 | 20.605 | 1.402 | 3.34 | 17.661 | 3.152 | p < 0.01 |
C18:1 Trans-vaccinic acid | 0.25 | 1.845 | 0.173 | 0.32 | 1.611 | 0.276 | p < 0.01 |
C18:2n6c Linoleic acid | 4.56 | 19.358 | 2.468 | 2.91 | 20.877 | 1.962 | p = 0.34 |
C18:3n6 Gamma linoleic acid | 0.09 | 0.344 | 0.070 | 0.14 | 0.230 | 0.133 | p < 0.01 |
C18:3n3 Linolenic acid | 0.22 | 0.712 | 0.201 | 0.28 | 0.614 | 0.208 | p = 0.45 |
C20:0 Arachidic acid | 0.04 | 0.097 | 0.025 | 0.14 | 0.221 | 0.159 | p < 0.01 |
C22:1/C20:1 cis11- eicosanic acid | 0.14 | 0.334 | 0.331 | 0.20 | 0.156 | 0.120 | p < 0.01 |
C20:2 cis-11-eicodienoic acid | 0.04 | 0.186 | 0.029 | 0.18 | 0.103 | 0.091 | p < 0.01 |
C20:3n6 Eicosatrienoic acid | 0.63 | 1.689 | 0.334 | 0.40 | 1.220 | 0.336 | p < 0.01 |
C20:4n6 Arachidonic acid | 1.90 | 6.488 | 1.192 | 1.12 | 5.908 | 1.328 | p = 0.17 |
C20:3n3 cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p = 1 |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentanoic acid | 0.88 | 1.279 | 0.721 | 0.86 | 1.096 | 1.031 | p < 0.05 |
C22:0 Behenic acid | 0.07 | 0.024 | 0.029 | 0.27 | 0.167 | 0.243 | p < 0.05 |
C22:1n9 13 Erucic acid | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.025 | 0.050 | p = 0.23 |
C23:0 Tricosanoic acid | 0.10 | 0.070 | 0.071 | 0.25 | 0.133 | 0.128 | p = 0.12 |
C22:4n6 (docosatetraenoate) | 0.10 | 0.127 | 0.087 | 0.15 | 0.097 | 0.071 | p = 0.22 |
C22:5w3 (docosapentaenate) | 0.20 | 0.682 | 0.148 | 0.28 | 0.504 | 0.234 | p < 0.05 |
C24:0 Lignoceric acid | 0.02 | 0.010 | 0.020 | 0.00 | 0.307 | 0.708 | p = 0.32 |
C22:6n3 Decosahexaenoic acid | 1.30 | 2.487 | 0.714 | 1.19 | 1.842 | 1.257 | p < 0.05 |
C24:1 Nervonic acid | 0.08 | 0.062 | 0.044 | 0.00 | 0.009 | 0.033 | p < 0.01 |
Fatty Acids | CKD | MetS | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | MEAN | SD | Median | MEAN | SD | ||
C8:0 Caprylic acid | 0.07 | 0.042 | 0.037 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | p < 0.01 |
C10:0 Capric acid | 0.03 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.82 | 0.668 | 0.434 | p < 0.01 |
C11:0 Undecanoic acid | 0.02 | 0.074 | 0.014 | 0.01 | 0.023 | 0.013 | p < 0.01 |
C12:0 Lauric acid | 0.05 | 0.210 | 0.143 | 0.06 | 0.145 | 0.155 | p < 0.01 |
C14:0 Myristic acid | 0.35 | 1.370 | 0.316 | 0.38 | 1.175 | 0.325 | p < 0.01 |
C14:1 Myristolenic acid | 0.06 | 0.073 | 0.039 | 0.04 | 0.074 | 0.049 | p = 0.87 |
C15:0 Pentadecanoid acid | 0.09 | 0.292 | 0.084 | 0.21 | 0.333 | 0.114 | p = 0.34 |
C16:0 Palmitic acid | 1.18 | 28.042 | 0.954 | 1.28 | 27.905 | 1.734 | p = 0.28 |
C16:1 Palmitoleic acid | 1.19 | 2.130 | 0.700 | 0.80 | 1.944 | 0.510 | p = 0.36 |
C17:0 Heptadecanoid acid | 0.09 | 0.377 | 0.076 | 0.04 | 0.349 | 0.041 | p = 0.22 |
C17:1 cis-10- Heptadecanoid acid | 0.06 | 0.191 | 0.050 | 0.10 | 0.154 | 0.149 | p < 0.01 |
C18:0 Stearic acid | 1.30 | 10.770 | 0.760 | 1.27 | 11.500 | 0.962 | p < 0.05 |
C18:1n9 ct Oleic acid | 1.44 | 20.605 | 1.402 | 3.23 | 23.283 | 2.543 | p < 0.01 |
C18:1 Trans-vaccinic acid | 0.25 | 1.845 | 0.173 | 0.16 | 2.028 | 0.177 | p < 0.01 |
C18:2n6c Linoleic acid | 4.56 | 19.358 | 2.468 | 3.51 | 17.356 | 2.782 | p = 0.29 |
C18:3n6 Gamma linoleic acid | 0.09 | 0.344 | 0.070 | 0.12 | 0.212 | 0.071 | p < 0.01 |
C18:3n3 Linolenic acid | 0.22 | 0.712 | 0.201 | 0.30 | 0.676 | 0.255 | p = 0.40 |
C20:0 Arachidic acid | 0.04 | 0.097 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.156 | 0.041 | p < 0.01 |
C22:1/C20:1 cis11- eicosanic acid | 0.14 | 0.334 | 0.331 | 0.10 | 0.268 | 0.172 | p = 0.28 |
C20:2 cis-11-eicodienoic acid | 0.04 | 0.186 | 0.029 | 0.03 | 0.211 | 0.043 | p < 0.01 |
C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid | 0.63 | 1.689 | 0.334 | 0.30 | 1.130 | 0.285 | p < 0.01 |
C20:4n6 Arachidonic acid | 1.90 | 6.488 | 1.192 | 1.54 | 5.410 | 1.052 | p = 0.19 |
C20:3n3 cis-11-eicosatrienoic acid | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.010 | 0.016 | p < 0.01 |
C20:5n3 Eicosapentanoic acid | 0.88 | 1.279 | 0.721 | 0.56 | 0.913 | 0.521 | p < 0.01 |
C22:0 Behenic acid | 0.07 | 0.024 | 0.029 | 0.03 | 0.050 | 0.037 | p = 0.21 |
C22:1n9 13 Erucic acid | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.577 | 1.730 | p < 0.01 |
C23:0 Tricosanoic acid | 0.10 | 0.070 | 0.071 | 0.08 | 0.130 | 0.247 | p = 0.17 |
C22:4n6 (docosatetraenoate) | 0.10 | 0.127 | 0.087 | 0.21 | 0.266 | 0.162 | p < 0.01 |
C22:5w3 (docosapentaenate) | 0.20 | 0.682 | 0.148 | 0.10 | 0.591 | 0.154 | p = 0.66 |
C24:0 Lignoceric acid | 0.02 | 0.010 | 0.020 | 0.38 | 0.075 | 0.169 | p < 0.01 |
C22:6n3 Decosahexaenoic acid | 1.30 | 2.487 | 0.714 | 0.48 | 2.177 | 0.536 | p = 0.22 |
C24:1 Nervonic acid | 0.08 | 0.062 | 0.044 | 0.04 | 0.055 | 0.043 | p = 0.47 |
Parameters | C18:1n9 ct Oleic Acid | C18:3n6 Gamma Linoleic Acid | C22:4n6 (Docosatetraenoate) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.489 * | −0.116 | −0.502 * |
Ca (mg/dL) | −0.396 | −0.104 | 0.546 * |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | −0.089 | 0.217 | 0.049 |
iPTH (pg/Ml) | −0.288 | −0.202 | 0.339 |
CREA (mg/dL) | −0.491 | 0.603 | 0.203 |
HGB (g/Dl) | −0.469 * | 0.019 | 0.269 |
% Transferrin saturation (%) | 0.278 | −0.136 | −0.155 |
FER (ug/L) | 0.224 | −0.116 | −0.318 |
ALB (g/L) | −0.369 | −0.072 | 0.520 |
K (mEq/L) | −0.226 | 0.091 | 0.298 |
Height (cm) | 0.039 | 0.514 * | −0.420 * |
Date of the first dialysis | 0.236 | 0.552 * | −0.448 * |
Weight (kg) | 0.448 * | 0.330 | −0.223 |
Time of treatment (months) | −0.236 | −0.552 * | 0.448 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.473 * | 0.218 | −0.146 |
Body surface (m2) | 0.390 | 0.430 * | −0.293 |
Kt/V | −0.504 * | −0.096 | 0.329 |
Clearance (ml/min) | −0.313 | 0.427 * | 0.119 |
nPCR (g/kg/day) | −0.082 | 0.146 | 0.090 |
Ca × P (mg2/dL2) | −0.302 | 0.110 | 0.366 |
Characteristic | Avg ± SD |
---|---|
Age (years) | 66.71 ± 13.04 |
Weight (kg) | 67.09 ± 18.93 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.97 ± 6.39 |
Ca (mg/dL) | 8.664 ± 1.36 |
I PHOS (mg/dL) | 5.395 ± 1.16 |
iPTH (pg/mL) | 1058.57 ± 842.62 |
CREA (mg/dL) | 5.72 ± 1.53 |
HGB (g/dL) | 10.76 ± 1.04 |
%TSAT (%) | 27.92 ± 14.69 |
FER (ug/L) | 839.75 ± 645.03 |
ALB (g/L) | 36.92 ± 4.06 |
K (mEq/L) | 5.446 ± 0.65 |
Time of treatment (months) | 52.125 ± 46.64 |
Body surface (m2) | 1.705 ± 0.22 |
Kt/V | 1.788 ± 0.33 |
Clearance (mL/min) | 236.11 ± 43.23 |
nPCR (g/kg/day) | 1.077 ± 0.26 |
Ca x P (mg2/dL2) | 46.875 ± 10.21 |
Characteristic | MetS avg ± SD | CG avg ± SD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.32 ± 7.34 | 58.23 ± 8.6 | 0.0627 |
Weight (kg) | 81.37 ± 11.1 * | 59.87 ± 5.08 * | 0.0003 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.51 ± 2.02 * | 22.86 ± 1.35 * | 0.0002 |
WHR | 0.94 ± 0.05 * | 0.78 ± 0.082 * | 0.0481 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 116.06 ± 35.71 | 87.65 ± 13.68 * | 0.0027 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.02 ± 1.09 | 5.23 ± 0.7 | 0.0574 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 218.4 ± 30.33 | 186.7 ± 22.2 | 0.0372 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 118.87 ± 25.67 * | 91.2 ± 14.6 * | 0.0500 |
TRIGL (mg/dL) | 154.26 ± 28.84 * | 98.8 ± 35.8 * | 0.0000 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 58.67 ± 15.03 | 62.1 ± 10.8 | 0.0621 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Szczuko, M.; Kaczkan, M.; Drozd, A.; Maciejewska, D.; Palma, J.; Owczarzak, A.; Marczuk, N.; Rutkowski, P.; Małgorzewicz, S. Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles in a Group of Female Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)–Similar Trends of Changes, Different Pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071719
Szczuko M, Kaczkan M, Drozd A, Maciejewska D, Palma J, Owczarzak A, Marczuk N, Rutkowski P, Małgorzewicz S. Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles in a Group of Female Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)–Similar Trends of Changes, Different Pathophysiology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(7):1719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071719
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzczuko, Małgorzata, Małgorzata Kaczkan, Arleta Drozd, Dominika Maciejewska, Joanna Palma, Anna Owczarzak, Natalia Marczuk, Przemysław Rutkowski, and Sylwia Małgorzewicz. 2019. "Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles in a Group of Female Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)–Similar Trends of Changes, Different Pathophysiology" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7: 1719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071719