Rhein Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mouse Blastocysts and Has Immunotoxic Effects during Embryonic Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Rhein on Mouse Blastocysts
2.2. Impacts of Rhein on Mouse Embryonic Developmental Potential In Vitro
2.3. Effects of Rhein on Blastocyst Developmental Potential In Vivo
2.4. Effects of Antioxidants and Caspase Inhibitors on the Development of Rhein-Treated Blastocysts
2.5. Transcription of Genes Related to Innate Immunity and Oxidative Stress in Day-Old Mice Born to Dams Intravenously Injected with Rhein during Pregnancy
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Mouse Morula and Blastocyst Collection
4.3. Analysis of Blastocysts Developed from Morulas
4.4. TUNEL Assay of Rhein-Treated Embryos
4.5. Cell Proliferation in Rhein-Treated Embryos
4.6. Embryonic Development via Morphological Analysis
4.7. Blastocyst Development Following Embryo Transfer
4.8. Intravenous Injection of Female Mice with Rhein and Collection of Blastocysts
4.9. Pre-Treatment of Blastocysts with NAC or Caspase Inhibitors
4.10. Gene Expression and ROS Content in Fetal Liver
4.11. Analysis of Gene Expression
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Huang, C.-H.; Chan, W.-H. Rhein Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mouse Blastocysts and Has Immunotoxic Effects during Embryonic Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18092018
Huang C-H, Chan W-H. Rhein Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mouse Blastocysts and Has Immunotoxic Effects during Embryonic Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(9):2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18092018
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chien-Hsun, and Wen-Hsiung Chan. 2017. "Rhein Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mouse Blastocysts and Has Immunotoxic Effects during Embryonic Development" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 9: 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18092018
APA StyleHuang, C. -H., & Chan, W. -H. (2017). Rhein Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mouse Blastocysts and Has Immunotoxic Effects during Embryonic Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(9), 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18092018