Insecticidal and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Essential Oils for the Control of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils
2.2. Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils against C. maculatus and C. chinensis
2.2.1. C. maculatus
Toxicity of Different Essential Oils against C. maculatus
Percent Mortality of Essential Oils against C. maculatus
2.2.2. C. chinensis
Toxicity of Different Essential Oils against C. chinensis
Percent Mortality of Different EOs against C. chinensis
2.3. Repellent Activity of Essential Oils against Pulse Beetle
2.4. Ovipositional Inhibition (OI) Effect of Essential Oils against Pulse Beetle
2.4.1. C. maculatus
2.4.2. C. chinensis
2.5. Detoxification Enzyme Activities of A. Calamus and L. Angustifolia against Pulse Beetle
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Essential Oils (EOs)
4.2. Test Insect
4.3. Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis
4.4. GC-MS Analysis and Identification
4.5. Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils and Their Combinations against the Pulse Beetle
4.6. Repellent Activity of Essential Oils against the Pulse Beetle
4.7. Ovipositional Deterrent Activity of Essential Oils against the Pulse Beetle
4.8. Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition of A. Calamus and L. Angustifolia EO against the Pulse Beetle
4.8.1. Sample Preparation
4.8.2. Protein Estimation
4.8.3. Acetylcholinesterase Assay
4.8.4. Glutathione-S-Transferase Assay
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Name | RI a | RI b | Area (%) | Mode of Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | trans–β–Ocimene | 1032 | 1033 | 0.62 | MS, RI |
2 | β–elemene | 1389 | 1390 | 0.51 | MS, RI |
3 | Aristolene (calarene) | 1431 | 1435 | 0.51 | MS, RI |
4 | trans methyl isoeugenol | 1451 | 1451 | 0.05 | MS, RI |
5 | Viridiflorene | 1496 | 1494 | 0.93 | MS, RI |
6 | Bicyclo–germacrene | 1500 | 1512 | 1.04 | MS, RI |
7 | δ–cadinene | 1522 | 1522 | 1.26 | MS, RI |
8 | Kessane | 1529 | 1528 | 0.76 | MS, RI |
9 | Cedranone | 1500 | 1504 | 2.93 | MS, RI |
10 | α–calacorene | 1544 | 1549 | 0.83 | MS, RI |
11 | cis–asarone | 1616 | 1617 | 85.37 | MS, RI |
12 | Trans–asarone | 1675 | 1686 | 2.64 | MS, RI |
13 | Thujopsanone | 1641 | 1646 | 0.24 | MS, RI |
14 | Murrolene | 1779 | 1769 | 0.11 | MS, RI |
15 | Methyl palmitate | 1921 | 1927 | 0.04 | MS, RI |
Unidentified | – | – | 1.52 | ||
Total | 99.32 | ||||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons * | 0.67 | ||||
Oxygenated monoterpene * | 0.0 | ||||
Phenylpropanoid | 88.01 | ||||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons * | 5.26 | ||||
Oxygenated sesquiterpene * | 3.93 |
Essential Oils | LC50 (µL/L) | Confidence Limits (µL/L) | Slope ± SE | Chi-Square | p-Value | Co – Toxicity Coefficient | Interaction Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. calamus (72 h) | 4128.22 | 2897.88–6763.92 | 1.06 ± 0.20 | 3.74 | 0.29 | – | – |
96 h | 1357.86 | 879.60–1859.42 | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 3.56 | 0.31 | – | – |
120 h | 701.48 | 401.22–986.06 | 1.49 ± 0.25 | 4.14 | 0.25 | – | – |
H. spicatum (72 h) | 10,448.32 | 7116.12–20,223.58 | 1.41 ± 0.24 | 1.69 | 0.64 | – | – |
96 h | 2177.08 | 1495.50–3067.74 | 1.12 ± 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.97 | – | – |
120 h | 806.92 | 483.38–1116.99 | 1.45 ± 0.24 | 2.81 | 0.42 | – | – |
J. communis (96 h) | 6497.30 | 4012.23–16,957.41 | 0.84 ± 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.94 | – | – |
120 h | 1945.44 | 1256.80–2806.47 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 0.90 | 0.82 | – | – |
J. recurva (96 h) | 6684.97 | 4877.87–10,740.24 | 1.41 ± 0.22 | 1.42 | 0.70 | – | – |
120 h | 2369.76 | 1929.69–2904.90 | 2.04 ± 0.23 | 0.78 | 0.85 | – | – |
P. wallichiana (96 h) | 5948.84 | 4559.90–8576.71 | 1.65 ± 0.23 | 2.74 | 0.43 | – | – |
120 h | 2313.37 | 1862.92–2865.74 | 1.92 ± 0.23 | 4.16 | 0.24 | – | – |
C. deodara (72 h) | 4116.25 | 3240.30–5491.22 | 1.67 ± 0.22 | 0.85 | 0.84 | – | – |
96 h | 2818.88 | 2253.91–3556.77 | 1.80 ± 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.85 | – | – |
120 h | 1487.29 | 1202.79–1793.45 | 2.29 ± 0.27 | 1.04 | 0.79 | – | – |
L. angustifolia (72 h) | 5204.72 | 3923.80–7658.14 | 1.46 ± 0.22 | 2.34 | 0.50 | – | – |
96 h | 1876.15 | 1410.29–2419.49 | 1.52 ± 0.22 | 5.01 | 0.17 | – | – |
120 h | 1220.93 | 961.43–1488.72 | 2.21 ± 0.27 | 3.35 | 0.34 | – | – |
AlPO2 (48 h) | 0.075 | 0.068–0.085 | 3.85 ± 0.92 | 0.15 | 0.98 | – | – |
72 h | 0.061 | 0.055–0.065 | 5.38 ± 0.97 | 2.44 | 0.49 | – | – |
96 h | 0.054 | 0.049–0.058 | 6.57 ± 1.05 | 4.41 | 0.22 | – | – |
120 h | 0.050 | 0.044–0.054 | 7.58 ± 1.24 | 2.94 | 0.40 | – | – |
A. calamus + L. angustifolia (24 h) | 1148.59 | 730.42–2726.61 | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 1.51 | 0.68 | – | – |
48 h | 533.72 | 368.26–840.46 | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 0.81 | 0.85 | – | – |
72 h | 204.01 | 108.09–303.27 | 0.96 ± 0.20 | 2.09 | 0.55 | 2023.54 | Synergistic |
96 h | 108.58 | 59.95–155.01 | 1.45 ± 0.24 | 1.68 | 0.64 | 1250.56 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + H. spicatum (24 h) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 h | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
72 h | 493.89 | 311.64–827.68 | 0.85 ± 0.19 | 2.31 | 0.51 | 835.86 | Synergistic |
96 h | 164.31 | 77.24–250.33 | 0.99 ± 0.20 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 826.40 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + C. deodara (24 h) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 h | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
72 h | 1626.04 | 864.18–9816.54 | 0.64 ± 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.98 | 253.88 | Synergistic |
96 h | 211.08 | 87.04 – 335.46 | 0.86 ± 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.95 | 643.29 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + P. wallichiana (24 h) | 1967.74 | 1451.44–3038.81 | 1.34 ± 0.22 | 2.78 | 0.43 | – | – |
48 h | 1167.83 | 849.94–1684.36 | 1.19 ± 0.20 | 1.31 | 0.73 | – | – |
72 h | 615.31 | 409.99–847.10 | 1.18 ± 0.20 | 2.25 | 0.52 | 670.92 | Synergistic |
96 h | 169.89 | 64.53–275.61 | 1.23 ± 0.24 | 5.20 | 0.16 | 799.26 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + J. communis (24 h) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 h | 1798.50 | 940.07–7815.84 | 0.56 ± 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.99 | – | – |
72 h | 400.68 | 104.99–703.52 | 0.69 ± 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 1030.30 | Synergistic |
96 h | 196.41 | 33.50–381.58 | 0.78 ± 0.21 | 1.09 | 0.78 | 691.34 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + H. spicatum (24 h) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 h | 1700.38 | 905.35–9843.58 | 0.67 ± 0.19 | 0.84 | 0.84 | – | – |
72 h | 594.53 | 420.63–875.54 | 1.10 ± 0.20 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 875.43 | Synergistic |
96 h | 308.73 | 207.86–418.60 | 1.25 ± 0.21 | 2.70 | 0.44 | 607.70 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + C. deodara (24 h) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
48 h | 1140.59 | 689.27–2961.81 | 0.73 ± 0.19 | 0.57 | 0.90 | – | – |
72 h | 585.95 | 302.74–1135.58 | 0.66 ± 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 888.25 | Synergistic |
96 h | 244.99 | 78.65–414.47 | 0.73 ± 0.19 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 765.81 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + P. wallichiana (24 h) | 1322.93 | 837.00–2435.62 | 0.81 ± 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.98 | – | – |
48 h | 623.70 | 317.43–976.71 | 0.82 ± 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.99 | – | – |
72 h | 312.23 | 115.83–508.34 | 0.89 ± 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 1666.95 | Synergistic |
96 h | 214.19 | 103.57–320.54 | 1.41 ± 0.25 | 3.99 | 0.26 | 875.93 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + J. communis (24 h) | 1376.68 | 899.68–2310.59 | 0.89 ± 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.94 | – | – |
48 h | 664.26 | 373.59–984.83 | 0.94 ± 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.96 | – | – |
72 h | 372.88 | 185.63–556.04 | 1.11 ± 0.21 | 1.43 | 0.70 | 1395.82 | Synergistic |
96 h | 251.79 | 126.34–371.48 | 1.43 ± 0.25 | 3.41 | 0.33 | 745.12 | Synergistic |
Essential Oils | LC50 (µL/L) | Confidence Limits (µL/L) | Slope ± SE | Chi-Square | p-Value | Co – Toxicity Coefficient | Interaction Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. calamus (72 h) | 10,975.11 | 6875.74-27,344.73 | 1.10 ± 0.22 | 2.71 | 0.44 | – | – |
96 h | 1379.54 | 1001.07–1778.06 | 1.58 ± 0.22 | 3.03 | 0.39 | – | – |
120 h | 1158.42 | 863.34–1456.71 | 1.88 ± 0.25 | 3.85 | 0.28 | – | – |
H. spicatum (72 h) | 10,448.32 | 7116.12–20,223.58 | 1.41 ± 0.24 | 1.69 | 0.64 | – | – |
96 h | 4875.82 | 3464.11–8042.55 | 1.14 ± 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.95 | – | – |
120 h | 1586.15 | 1099.21–2121.89 | 1.31 ± 0.21 | 2.28 | 0.52 | – | – |
J. communis (72 h) | 9895.41 | 6865.13–18,255.56 | 1.45 ± 0.24 | 2.13 | 0.55 | – | – |
96 h | 5287.16 | 4018.85–7673.06 | 1.52 ± 0.22 | 3.19 | 0.36 | – | – |
120 h | 2312.36 | 1799.64–2954.15 | 1.63 ± 0.22 | 1.57 | 0.67 | – | – |
J. recurva (96 h) | 5980.52 | 3945.11–12,352.29 | 0.97 ± 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.93 | – | – |
120 h | 1914.97 | 1413.88–2500.84 | 1.44 ± 0.21 | 2.35 | 0.50 | – | – |
P. wallichiana (96 h) | 7918.09 | 5152.81–17,361.77 | 1.05 ± 0.21 | 1.30 | 0.73 | – | – |
120 h | 1694.87 | 1202.74–2250.79 | 1.35 ± 0.21 | 2.39 | 0.50 | – | – |
C. deodara (72 h) | 4797.04 | 3485.81–7523.48 | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.99 | – | – |
96 h | 2598.47 | 1923.33–3536.37 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | 0.34 | 0.95 | – | – |
120 h | 1716.80 | 1243.41–2252.42 | 1.41 ± 0.21 | 1.62 | 0.65 | – | – |
L. angustifolia (72 h) | 4316.34 | 3333.68–5798.88 | 1.54 ± 0.22 | 3.71 | 0.29 | – | – |
96 h | 1715.57 | 1346.35–2129.90 | 1.86 ± 0.23 | 4.65 | 0.20 | – | – |
120 h | 779.59 | 532.38–1009.98 | 1.95 ± 0.29 | 3.55 | 0.31 | – | – |
A. calamus + L. angustifolia (24 h) | 396.54 | 256.96–618.49 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.98 | – | – |
48 h | 201.22 | 114.02–292.26 | 1.02 ± 0.20 | 0.62 | 0.89 | – | – |
72 h | 141.89 | 86.94–195.48 | 1.39 ± 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.94 | 7734.94 | Synergistic |
96 h | 92.18 | 55.92–124.84 | 1.92 ± 0.31 | 3.04 | 0.39 | 1496.57 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + C. deodara (24 h) | 509.92 | 330.43–795.31 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.98 | – | – |
48 h | 258.76 | 146.62–375.82 | 1.02 ± 0.20 | 0.62 | 0.89 | – | – |
72 h | 182.46 | 111.79–251.37 | 1.39 ± 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.94 | 6015.08 | Synergistic |
96 h | 118.54 | 71.91–160.54 | 1.92 ± 0.31 | 3.04 | 0.39 | 1163.78 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + H. spicatum (24 h) | 1196.11 | 828.88–1960.84 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.99 | – | – |
48 h | 455.34 | 298.73–623.14 | 1.22 ± 0.21 | 1.28 | 0.73 | – | – |
72 h | 285.42 | 176.84–391.35 | 1.42 ± 0.23 | 1.38 | 0.71 | 3845.25 | Synergistic |
96 h | 201.90 | 128.37–269.01 | 1.94 ± 0.30 | 0.99 | 0.80 | 683.28 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + J. communis (24 h) | 1545.98 | 1116.72–2442.67 | 1.19 ± 0.21 | 0.52 | 0.91 | – | – |
48 h | 911.85 | 648.64–1308.67 | 1.14 ± 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.99 | – | – |
72 h | 512.02 | 337.16–703.45 | 1.19 ± 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.97 | 2143.49 | Synergistic |
96 h | 275.64 | 160.70–386.58 | 1.37 ± 0.23 | 1.45 | 0.69 | 500.49 | Synergistic |
A. calamus + J. recurva (24 h) | 2223.17 | 1513.69–4197.51 | 1.06 ± 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.99 | – | – |
48 h | 1238.06 | 860.39–1941.03 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.99 | – | – |
72 h | 733.32 | 500.66–1020.75 | 1.14 ± 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.96 | 1496.63 | Synergistic |
96 h | 398.87 | 263.00–534.18 | 1.43 ± 0.22 | 3.41 | 0.33 | 345.86 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + C. deodara (24 h) | 740.11 | 534.33–1099.13 | 1.15 ± 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.96 | – | – |
48 h | 432.83 | 300.38–595.76 | 1.19 ± 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.97 | – | – |
72 h | 279.06 | 189.12–372.06 | 1.39 ± 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.96 | 1546.74 | Synergistic |
96 h | 182.66 | 121.13–241.33 | 1.71 ± 0.25 | 3.03 | 0.39 | 939.21 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + H. spicatum (24 h) | 1185.35 | 809.62–1954.79 | 0.97 ± 0.20 | 0.64 | 0.89 | – | – |
48 h | 649.55 | 401.60–966.17 | 0.95 ± 0.20 | 0.54 | 0.91 | – | – |
72 h | 354.18 | 159.61–550.13 | 0.89 ± 0.20 | 0.55 | 0.91 | 1218.69 | Synergistic |
96 h | 260.18 | 161.91–353.63 | 1.58 ± 0.25 | 4.39 | 0.22 | 659.38 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + J. communis (24 h) | 1738.22 | 1188.13–3148.40 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 1.31 | 0.74 | – | – |
48 h | 808.54 | 513.02–1235.52 | 0.92 ± 0.20 | 1.17 | 0.76 | – | – |
72 h | 449.20 | 271.46–633.03 | 1.13 ± 0.20 | 1.26 | 0.74 | 960.89 | Synergistic |
96 h | 284.89 | 183.15–381.61 | 1.65 ± 0.25 | 4.43 | 0.22 | 602.19 | Synergistic |
L. angustifolia + J. recurva (24 h) | 2387.58 | 1602.20–4719.26 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 1.65 | 0.65 | – | – |
48 h | 1089.42 | 741.91–1663.55 | 1.00 ± 0.20 | 1.03 | 0.79 | – | – |
72 h | 545.04 | 353.78–748.04 | 1.22 ± 0.21 | 1.85 | 0.60 | 791.93 | Synergistic |
96 h | 259.42 | 18.52–498.28 | 1.53 ± 0.25 | 5.61 | 0.13 | 661.31 | Synergistic |
Essential Oils | RC50 (µL/L) | Confidence Limits (µL/L) | Slope ± SE | Chi-Square | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. calamus (1 h) | 53.24 | 30.82–75.45 | 1.19 ± 0.16 | 3.03 | 0.39 |
2 h | 17.96 | 3.83–37.29 | 0.84 ± 0.16 | 1.64 | 0.65 |
3 h | 12.94 | 1.88–30.19 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 1.63 | 0.65 |
4 h | 25.24 | 8.50–44.79 | 0.98 ± 0.17 | 1.95 | 0.58 |
5 h | 52.06 | 28.63–75.45 | 1.11 ± 0.16 | 4.50 | 0.21 |
24 h | 53.98 | 20.25–89.22 | 0.74 ± 0.14 | 4.85 | 0.18 |
H. spicatum (1 h) | 208.36 | 168.43–254.45 | 1.35 ± 0.14 | 4.95 | 0.18 |
2 h | 109.26 | 84.43–134.10 | 1.50 ± 0.16 | 3.57 | 0.31 |
3 h | 126.80 | 93.78–160.43 | 1.21 ± 0.15 | 3.53 | 0.32 |
4 h | 198.92 | 158.10–245.46 | 1.27 ± 0.14 | 1.74 | 0.63 |
5 h | 254.71 | 205.33–316.63 | 1.26 ± 0.14 | 2.06 | 0.56 |
24 h | 293.77 | 248.19–350.26 | 1.64 ± 0.15 | 0.57 | 0.90 |
J. recurva (1 h) | 176.79 | 140.60–216.57 | 1.33 ± 0.15 | 2.20 | 0.53 |
2 h | 219.77 | 183.66–261.37 | 1.59 ± 0.15 | 1.40 | 0.71 |
3 h | 238.35 | 205.39–276.16 | 1.95 ± 0.16 | 1.34 | 0.72 |
4 h | 342.45 | 293.15–404.90 | 1.82 ± 0.16 | 3.03 | 0.39 |
5 h | 359.55 | 304.70–431.45 | 1.69 ± 0.16 | 4.04 | 0.26 |
24 h | 309.75 | 243.99–402.39 | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 5.03 | 0.16 |
P. wallichiana (1 h) | 221.50 | 188.69–258.94 | 1.80 ± 0.16 | 3.81 | 0.28 |
2 h | 269.48 | 234.55–310.31 | 2.09 ± 0.17 | 4.86 | 0.18 |
3 h | 255.00 | 215.86–301.41 | 1.68 ± 0.15 | 2.56 | 0.46 |
4 h | 381.69 | 332.91–442.18 | 2.17 ± 0.18 | 2.15 | 0.54 |
5 h | 507.48 | 416.70–645.97 | 1.50 ± 0.16 | 1.64 | 0.65 |
24 h | 955.15 | 686.08–1588.08 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 1.02 | 0.79 |
C. deodara (1 h) | 286.47 | 234.69–353.40 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 1.37 | 0.71 |
2 h | 389.71 | 313.91–503.17 | 1.26 ± 0.15 | 0.82 | 0.84 |
3 h | 514.85 | 415.50–674.00 | 1.37 ± 0.15 | 1.13 | 0.77 |
4 h | 331.02 | 276.27–402.95 | 1.51 ± 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.91 |
5 h | 496.27 | 398.37–653.91 | 1.31 ± 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.93 |
24 h | 425.75 | 335.03–572.70 | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 5.10 | 0.16 |
L. augustifolia (1 h) | 174.41 | 147.28–203.85 | 1.82 ± 0.16 | 5.08 | 0.17 |
2 h | 187.60 | 151.89–227.18 | 1.42 ± 0.15 | 3.99 | 0.26 |
3 h | 228.58 | 187.98–276.11 | 1.44 ± 0.15 | 3.33 | 0.34 |
4 h | 408.32 | 347.72–489.11 | 1.80 ± 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.95 |
5 h | 407.11 | 328.26–526.27 | 1.27 ± 0.15 | 2.19 | 0.53 |
24 h | 735.70 | 593.16–977.46 | 1.60 ± 0.17 | 2.78 | 0.43 |
J. communis (1 h) | 213.21 | 144.14–302.11 | 0.75 ± 0.14 | 1.03 | 0.79 |
2 h | 350.99 | 266.29–489.15 | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 3.70 | 0.30 |
3 h | 305.05 | 225.62–428.66 | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.98 |
4 h | 411.56 | 312.15–586.36 | 0.96 ± 0.14 | 0.46 | 0.92 |
5 h | 356.47 | 253.87–548.20 | 0.76 ± 0.14 | 2.30 | 0.51 |
24 h | 736.82 | 512.04–1327.91 | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 5.05 | 0.17 |
Essential Oils | RC50 (µL/L) | Confidence Limits (µL/L) | Slope ± SE | Chi-Square | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. calamus (1 h) | 26.04 | 7.99–47.60 | 0.89 ± 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.99 |
2 h | 24.69 | 8.79–43.03 | 1.05 ± 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.93 |
3 h | 12.94 | 1.88–30.19 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 1.63 | 0.65 |
4 h | 10.08 | 0.25–56.83 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 1.74 | 0.63 |
5 h | 21.67 | 0.16–64.21 | 0.40 ± 0.14 | 0.79 | 0.85 |
24 h | 118.91 | 36.91–205.00 | 0.48 ± 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.96 |
H. spicatum (1 h) | 30.60 | 8.86–56.30 | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.99 |
2 h | 32.88 | 7.89–63.02 | 0.69 ± 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.92 |
3 h | 44.39 | 7.76–87.66 | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.96 |
4 h | 98.06 | 25.75–172.36 | 0.48 ± 0.13 | 1.25 | 0.74 |
5 h | 86.14 | 5.75–176.71 | 0.35 ± 0.13 | 1.85 | 0.60 |
24 h | 226.85 | 151.57–329.13 | 0.72 ± 0.14 | 4.57 | 0.21 |
J. recurva (1 h) | 163.57 | 124.14–206.15 | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 1.36 | 0.71 |
2 h | 216.24 | 174.29–265.40 | 1.31 ± 0.15 | 1.80 | 0.61 |
3 h | 320.54 | 264.62–395.06 | 1.41 ± 0.15 | 3.29 | 0.35 |
4 h | 393.61 | 332.45–476.02 | 1.68 ± 0.16 | 3.91 | 0.27 |
5 h | 438.79 | 366.75–540.90 | 1.60 ± 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.96 |
24 h | 383.51 | 313.39–484.14 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 3.72 | 0.29 |
P. wallichiana (1 h) | 225.56 | 181.99–277.35 | 1.30 ± 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.99 |
2 h | 262.18 | 207.52–332.63 | 1.15 ± 0.14 | 3.79 | 0.28 |
3 h | 363.70 | 291.20–470.43 | 1.20 ± 0.14 | 1.87 | 0.60 |
4 h | 432.24 | 326.73–623.50 | 0.96 ± 0.14 | 2.41 | 0.49 |
5 h | 481.32 | 369.81–681.46 | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 1.16 | 0.76 |
24 h | 947.27 | 644.05–1852.50 | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.90 |
C. deodara (1 h) | 610.61 | 452.44–941.18 | 1.00 ± 0.14 | 4.75 | 0.19 |
2 h | 553.77 | 414.55–832.24 | 0.99 ± 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.95 |
3 h | 629.00 | 487.84–888.89 | 1.23 ± 0.15 | 2.01 | 0.57 |
4 h | 463.66 | 364.53–629.24 | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 3.48 | 0.32 |
5 h | 600.86 | 473.37–824.52 | 1.28 ± 0.15 | 3.30 | 0.35 |
24 h | 628.88 | 443.26–1087.98 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 4.19 | 0.24 |
L. augustifolia (1 h) | 113.67 | 88.26–139.13 | 1.50 ± 0.16 | 4.86 | 0.18 |
2 h | 176.35 | 147.17–208.02 | 1.69 ± 0.16 | 5.20 | 0.16 |
3 h | 228.58 | 187.98–276.11 | 1.44 ± 0.15 | 3.33 | 0.34 |
4 h | 333.52 | 264.64–433.91 | 1.14 ± 0.14 | 5.18 | 0.16 |
5 h | 392.81 | 306.70–531.41 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 0.68 | 0.88 |
24 h | 681.78 | 558.79–879.86 | 1.69 ± 0.17 | 2.19 | 0.53 |
J. communis (1 h) | 118.35 | 79.08–158.04 | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 2.07 | 0.56 |
2 h | 243.59 | 182.03–324.53 | 0.94 ± 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.97 |
3 h | 334.26 | 253.74–461.23 | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.97 |
4 h | 398.11 | 307.99–547.21 | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 0.63 | 0.89 |
5 h | 242.53 | 167.66–347.66 | 0.76 ± 0.14 | 3.43 | 0.33 |
24 h | 617.11 | 428.88–1104.77 | 0.80 ± 0.14 | 4.75 | 0.19 |
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Gupta, H.; Deeksha; Urvashi; Reddy, S.G.E. Insecticidal and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Essential Oils for the Control of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Molecules 2023, 28, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020492
Gupta H, Deeksha, Urvashi, Reddy SGE. Insecticidal and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Essential Oils for the Control of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Molecules. 2023; 28(2):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020492
Chicago/Turabian StyleGupta, Himanshi, Deeksha, Urvashi, and S. G. Eswara Reddy. 2023. "Insecticidal and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Essential Oils for the Control of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)" Molecules 28, no. 2: 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020492