Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin
School of Life Science, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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Molecules 2019, 24(17), 3078; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173078
Received: 2 July 2019
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Revised: 10 August 2019
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Accepted: 21 August 2019
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Published: 24 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Membrane Proteins and Solutes in Response to Stress)
Betalains are applicable to many aspects of life, and their properties, characteristics, extraction and biosynthesis process have been thoroughly studied. Although betalains are functionally similar to anthocyanins and can substitute for them to provide pigments for plant color, it is rare to study the roles of betalains in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. Owing to their antioxidant capability to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and humans, betalains have attracted much attention due to their bioactivity. In addition, betalains can also act as osmotic substances to regulate osmotic pressure in plants and play important roles in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. The study of the physiological evolution of betalains is almost complete but remains complicated because the evolutionary relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is still uncertain. In this review, to provide a reference for the in-depth study of betalains compared with anthocyanins, the biochemical properties, biosynthesis process and roles of betalains in response to environmental stress are reviewed, and the relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is discussed.
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Keywords:
anthocyanins; betalains; caryophyllales; evolution; pigment biosynthesis; stress tolerance
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MDPI and ACS Style
Li, G.; Meng, X.; Zhu, M.; Li, Z. Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin. Molecules 2019, 24, 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173078
AMA Style
Li G, Meng X, Zhu M, Li Z. Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin. Molecules. 2019; 24(17):3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173078
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ge, Xiaoqing Meng, Mingku Zhu, and Zongyun Li. 2019. "Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin" Molecules 24, no. 17: 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173078
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