Antiplatelet Aggregation and Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonistic Activities of the Essential Oils of Five Goniothalamus Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical analysis
Species | Voucher No. | Part used | Yield* (%) |
---|---|---|---|
G.tapis | UM 55095 | Leaf | 2.23 ± 0.5 |
Bark | 2.85 ± 0.2 | ||
Root | 0.98 ± 0.4 | ||
G.tapisoides | UM 55089 | Leaf | 3.05 ± 0.2 |
Bark | 3.86 ± 0.5 | ||
Root | 1.45 ± 0.3 | ||
G.velutinus | UM 55097 | Bark | 1.40 ± 0.3 |
G.clemensii | UM 55082 | Bark | 2.80 ± 0.1 |
G.woodii | UM 55094 | Bark | 1.80 ± 0.4 |
2.2. Inhibition of platelet aggregation
Components | RI a | Percentage (%) * | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G.clemensii (B) | G.velutinus (B) | G.woodii (B) | G.tapis (B) | G.tapis (R) | G.tapis (L) | G.tapisoides (B) | G.tapisoides (R) | G.tapisoides (L) | ID methods | ||
Hexanal | 804 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | a,b,c |
α- Pinene | 940 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.7 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 9.6 | a,b,c |
Camphene | 953 | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Benzaldehyde | 962 | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Sabinene | 975 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | a,b,c |
β-Pinene | 985 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | a,b,c |
Myrcene | 992 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.6 | - | a,b,c |
α-Phellandrene | 1004 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | a,b,c |
p-Cymene | 1022 | - | - | - | 3.8 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | a,b,c |
p-Menthene | 1027 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.9 | 4.2 | - | a,b,c |
Limonene | 1029 | - | - | - | 12.7 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
β-Phellandrene | 1030 | - | - | - | - | - | - | t | 0.1 | - | a,b,c |
δ-3-Carene | 1031 | - | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Cineole | 1035 | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - | 7.6 | 47.9 | 56.1 | 79.0 | a,b,c | |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 1038 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | a,b |
(E)-β-Ocimene | 1049 | - | - | - | - | - | - | t | - | - | a,b |
γ-Terpinene | 1062 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.6 | 5.7 | 0.2 | a,b,c |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1069 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.12 | - | 0.1 | a,b |
cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1074 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | 1.5 | - | - | - | a,b |
trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1087 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | 1.0 | - | - | - | a,b |
Terpinolene | 1090 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | a,b,c |
p-Cymenene | 1090 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.6 | t | a,b |
Linalool | 1109 | 0.22 | 0.8 | 13.0 | 3.9 | 18.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.0 | a,b,c | |
α-Fenchol | 1118 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | t | a,b |
trans-p-2-Menth-2-en-1-ol | 1121 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | - | a,b |
trans-Pinocarveol | 1140 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | a,b |
Citronellal | 1152 | - | - | - | 6.3 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Borneol | 1170 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | a,b,c |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1174 | - | 1.0 | 1.5 | - | 4.2 | 22.5 | 19.6 | 2.3 | a,b,c | |
α-Terpineol | 1187 | - | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 4.4 | a,b,c |
Myrtenol | 1191 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | a,b |
cis-Piperitol | 1198 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | a,b |
α-Fenchyl acetate | 1230 | - | - | - | - | - | - | t | t | t | a,b |
Linalyl acetate | 1257 | - | - | - | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Geranial | 1266 | - | - | - | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Safrole | 1287 | - | - | - | 11.2 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Bornyl acetate | 1290 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | 0.1 | a,b,c |
Thymol | 1300 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c | |
δ-Elemene | 1340 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | a,b | |
Citronellyl acetate | 1352 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
α-Cubebene | 1354 | - | - | 0.1 | - | 0.9 | 1.2 | t | t | 0.1 | a,b |
Eugenol | 1359 | - | - | - | 2.4 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
α-Ylanglene | 1375 | - | - | - | 0.8 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Copaene | 1379 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 2.1 | - | 8.7 | 23.8 | - | - | 0.1 | a,b,c |
Geranyl acetate | 1384 | - | - | - | - | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | a,b,c |
β-Cubebene | 1386 | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Bourbonene | 1386 | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | 3.4 | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Elemene | 1393 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | - | 5.3 | 1.1 | - | - | 0.1 | a,b |
Cyperene | 1401 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 3.7 | - | 16.2 | - | t | t | - | a,b |
α-Gurjunene | 1412 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Cedrene | 1414 | - | - | - | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Caryophyllene | 1420 | - | 0.6 | 4.6 | 2.8 | - | 14.2 | - | - | 0.1 | a,b,c |
β-Cedrene | 1422 | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Santalene | 1418 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | 2.5 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Gurjunene | 1429 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | a,b |
trans-α-Bergamotene | 1437 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | t | a,b |
α-Guaiene | 1441 | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | a,b | ||
Aromadendrene | 1442 | - | - | - | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(Z)-β-Farnesene | 1442 | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
epi-β-Santalene | 1453 | - | 0.6 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Humulene | 1450 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 1.9 | - | 2.5 | - | - | - | a,b,c |
Patchoulene | 1456 | - | - | - | - | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Seychellene | 1464 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
allo-Aromadendrene | 1462 | - | - | - | - | - | 3.6 | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Chamigrene | 1470 | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Amorphene | 1474 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b | |
γ-Muurolene | 1476 | 5.2 | 3.7 | a,b | |||||||
Germacrene D | 1479 | 0.2 | - | 1.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
ar-Curcumene | 1483 | - | 3.9 | 2.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Selinene | 1488 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 2.9 | - | 1.9 | 1.6 | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Selinene | 1493 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | a,b |
γ-Amorphene | 1498 | - | - | - | - | 5.2 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Epizonarene | 1503 | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Muurolene | 1498 | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Eremophilene | 1503 | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(E,E)-α-Farnesene | 1505 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | a,b |
δ-Amorphene | 1512 | - | - | - | - | 2.5 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
γ- Cadinene | 1513 | - | 0.9 | - | - | 2.3 | 0.3 | - | - | 0.1 | a,b |
δ -Cadinene | 1524 | 2.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.7 | - | - | t | a,b |
trans- Calamenene | 1530 | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 0.5 | - | - | 0.1 | a,b |
Hedycaryol | 1530 | - | - | - | - | 3.4 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(Z)-Nerolidol | 1533 | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | - | - | - | t | a,b |
trans-Cadia-1(2),4-diene | 1536 | - | - | - | - | 1.9 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Eudesma3,7(11)diene | 1545 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Elemol | 1549 | 16.1 | 1.4 | 12.6 | 3.3 | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Germacrene B | 1560 | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(-)-Spathulenol | 1580 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1600 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Globulol | 1602 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Guaiol | 1625 | - | 0.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Viridiflorol | 1610 | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
τ-Cadinol | 1642 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 2.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Cubenol | 1647 | - | 7.7 | 4.7 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Agarospirol | 1648 | 19.0 | 2.5 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
τ-Muurolol | 1650 | 3.3 | 9.1 | 4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Eudesmol | 1651 | - | - | - | 5.6 | 5.0 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Eudesmol | 1655 | - | 9.7 | - | 5.8 | 5.7 | - | - | - | - | a,b |
α-Cadinol | 1670 | 41.6 | 14.0 | 21.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
β-Bisabolol | 1677 | - | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Cadalene | 1679 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 4.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Isolongifolen-5-one | 1717 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol | 1705 | - | 1.2 | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(Z,Z)-Farnesol | 1720 | - | 0.2 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(E,Z)-Farnesol | 1750 | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b | |
1-Octadecene | 1800 | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
(E,E) Farnesyl acetate | 1819 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b | |
Hexadecanoic acid | 1940 | - | 1.6 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | a,b |
Total | 98.1 | 93.9 | 97.0 | 84.5 | 88.0 | 92.4 | 99.0 | 99.7 | 99.4 |
Sample | Parts | µg/mL | AA | ADP | Collagen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G. tapis | Bark | 100 | 35.34 ± 2.9 | 44.37 ± 4.2 | 23.49 ± 2.2 |
G. tapis | Root | 100 | 54.47 ± 1.2 * | 46.79 ± 6.2 | 22.95 ± 1.7 |
50 | 38.55 ± 0.6 | ||||
25 | 25.45 ± 0.5 | ||||
12.5 | 16.36 ± 0.7 | ||||
G. tapis | Leaf | 100 | 18.89 ± 1.3 | 23.80 ± 0.7 | 18.29 ± 4.5 |
G. tapisoides | Bark | 100 | 15.62 ± 1.1 | 37.85 ± 2.9 | 14.22 ± 4.1 |
G. tapisoides | Root | 100 | 23.45 ± 2.5 | 46.75 ± 3.4 | 30.85 ± 3.6 |
G. tapisoides | Leaf | 100 | 5.36 ± 0.0 | 21.46 ± 2.2 | 21.19 ± 3.9 |
G. velutinus | Bark | 100 | 53.66 ± 0.3 * | 51.27 ± 0.2* | 32.82 ± 2.8 |
50 | 32.27 ± 1.4 | 41.19 ± 0.6 | |||
25 | 17.91 ± 4.0 | 20.22 ±0.4 | |||
12.5 | 11.03 ± 0.3 | 13.81 ± 3.4 | |||
G. woodii | Bark | 100 | 42.52 ± 0.7 | 45.52 ± 3.7 | 15.27 ± 2.2 |
G. clemensii | Bark | 100 | 43.62 ± 2.5 | 28.62 ± 0.7 | 34.52 ± 0.7 |
1,8-Cineol | 100 | 22.00 ± 7.1 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | 12.25 ± 5.0 | |
Linalool | 100 | 22.35 ± 5.7 | 49.88 ± 4.8* | 15.68 ± 0.6 | |
Safrol | 100 | 93.40 ± 5.9* | 97.20 ± 1.8* | ||
50 | 74.80 ± 0.2 | 74.35 ± 2.7 | |||
25 | 32.59 ± 6.9 | 37.15 ± 2.4 | |||
12.5 | 10.53 ± 3.7 | 20.34 ± 1.8 | |||
ASA | 25 | 99.68 ± 0.3 | 46.84 ± 6.2 | 35.19 ± 3.1 | |
12.5 | 79.41 ± 2.8 | ||||
6.25 | 62.35 ± 5.3 | ||||
3.13 | 51.76 ± 3.8 | ||||
1.56 | 30.74 ± 0.0 |
Sample | AA | ADP |
---|---|---|
G. velutinus (bark) | 93.6 ± 3.1 | 87.7 ± 4.1 |
G. tapis (root) | 85.3 ± 4.8 | ND |
Safrole | 33.3 ± 6.2 | 28.2 ± 1.7 |
ASA | 4.5 ± 4.5 | ND |
2.3. Inhibition of PAF receptor binding
Oils | Part | IC50 (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|
G. clemensii | Bark | 3.5 ± 0.2 |
G. tapis | Leaves | 5.4 ± 0.2 |
Bark | 7.6 ± 1.2 | |
Root | 5.5 ± 0.7 | |
G. woodii | Bark | 6.5 ± 0.5 |
G. velutinus | Bark | 10.5 ± 1.0 |
Cedrol | 2.8 ± 0.7 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant material
3.2. Oil isolation and preparation of samples
3.3. GC and GC-MS analyses
3.4. Platelet aggregation assay
3.5. PAF receptor binding activity
3.6. Statistical analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Sample Availability: Samples of the essential oils are available from the authors.
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Moharam, B.A.; Jantan, I.; Ahmad, F.b.; Jalil, J. Antiplatelet Aggregation and Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonistic Activities of the Essential Oils of Five Goniothalamus Species. Molecules 2010, 15, 5124-5138. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085124
Moharam BA, Jantan I, Ahmad Fb, Jalil J. Antiplatelet Aggregation and Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonistic Activities of the Essential Oils of Five Goniothalamus Species. Molecules. 2010; 15(8):5124-5138. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085124
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoharam, Bushra Abdulkarim, Ibrahim Jantan, Fasihuddin bin Ahmad, and Juriyati Jalil. 2010. "Antiplatelet Aggregation and Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonistic Activities of the Essential Oils of Five Goniothalamus Species" Molecules 15, no. 8: 5124-5138. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085124