Are Homemade and Commercial Infant Foods Different? A Nutritional Profile and Food Variety Analysis in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Eligible Criteria
2.3. Study Procedure
2.3.1. Chemical Analysis of Nutrient Composition of HMFs Samples
2.3.2. CIFs in the Spanish Market
2.3.3. Food Variety
2.3.4. Food Texture and Colour
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Frequency and Type of HMFs and CIFs Consumed
3.3. Portion Size, Nutrient and Energy Profile Comparison between HMFs and CIFs
3.3.1. Meals
3.3.2. Fruits Purees
3.4. Food Variety
3.5. Food Texture and Colours in HMFs and CIFs
4. Discussion
4.1. Nutritional Profile Comparison
4.2. Food Variety, Texture and Colour Comparison
4.3. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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6–11 Months (n = 17) | 12–18 Months (n = 13) | |
---|---|---|
Characteristic of the children | ||
Age (months) (mean ± SD) | 8.3 ± 1.4 | 14.4 ± 1.9 |
Gender (% Male) | 58.8 | 84.6 |
Birth weight (g) (mean ± SD) 1 | 3173.3 ± 455.0 | 3178.9 ± 451.3 |
Actual weight (kg) (mean ± SD) | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 10.6 ± 1.2 |
Attend day-care (%) 1 | 16.7 | 68.8 |
Total complementary food intake (g/day) | 465.6 ± 185.5 | 690.0 ± 243.0 * |
Commercial infant cereals intake (g/day) | 50.8 ± 27.7 | 22.5 ± 13.1 * |
BM/Formula intake (mL/day) | 677.4 ± 228.0 | 350.9 ± 234.5 * |
Characteristic of the mothers 1 | ||
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 32.5 ± 4.5 | 35.1 ± 5.2 |
Education (%) | ||
Primary school | 46.7 | 12.5 |
High school | 33.3 | 37.5 |
Some college | 33.3 | 31.3 |
Univ. or above | 16.7 | 18.8 |
Main activity (%) | ||
Employed | 50.0 | 69.0 |
Student | 8.3 | 0 |
Unemployed | 41.7 | 31.0 |
Family Status (%) | ||
Single/divorced | 8.3 | 6.3 |
Married | 75.0 | 62.5 |
Couple | 16.7 | 31.3 |
6–11 Months (n = 17) | 12–18 Months (n = 13) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of food | HMFs | CIFs | p Value | HMFs | CIFs | p Value |
Number of infant or young children who consume (%) | 17 (100%) | 9 (53%) | 13 (100%) | 4 (31%) | ||
Fruit purees intake (g/day) 1 | 106.1 ± 68.9 | 75.5 ± 34.6 | 0.20 | 166.1 ± 99.9 | 86.7 ± 0 | 0.50 |
Meals intake (g/day) 1 | 186.9 ± 115.5 | 83.3 ± 29.6 | 0.15 | 191.1 ± 105.7 | 70.8 ± 8.3 | 0.042 |
Meals (%) 2 | 94 | 18 | 100 | 31 | ||
Meat (%) 1 | 82 | 12 | 85 | 23 | ||
Fish (%) 1 | 65 | 12 | 69 | 8 | ||
Vegetables (%) 1 | 12 | - | 38 | - | ||
Fruits purees (%) 1 | 70 | 53 | 46 | 8 |
6–11 Months (n = 17) | 12–18 Months (n = 13) | Overall (p Value) 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HMFs | CIFs | p Value | HMFs | CIFs | p Value | HMFs | CIFs | |
Meals (n) | 48 | 94 | 38 | 10 | ||||
Portion size (g/meal) 2 | 185.5 (138.7, 211.5) | 200.0 (200.0, 250.0) | ≤0.001 | 218.0 (113.5, 254.5) | 250.0 (246.2, 250.0) | 0.04 | 0.30 | ≤0.001 |
Energy (kcal) | 48.0 (34.5, 54.6) | 68.5 (64.0, 71.0) | ≤0.001 | 66.2 (52.8, 80.0) | 69.5 (66.0, 72.0) | 0.49 | ≤0.001 | 0.37 |
Protein (g) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.3) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.6) | 0.002 | 3.8 (3.4, 4.6) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.0) | ≤0.001 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 3.9 (2.9, 5.0) | 8.4 (7.6, 9.2) | ≤0.001 | 5.1 (3.6, 6.4) | 7.9 (7.3, 9.0) | ≤0.001 | 0.03 | 0.48 |
Sugar (g) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.60 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.8) | 0.85 | 0.49 | 0.85 |
Fiber (g) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.0) | ≤0.001 | 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) | 0.8 (0.8, 1.0) | ≤0.001 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
Fat (g) | 1.5 (0.6, 2.1) | 2.3 (2.2, 2.5) | ≤0.001 | 2.7 (1.2, 4.5) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 0.79 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 |
Saturated (g) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.35) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | ≤0.001 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.5, 7.2) | 0.11 | ≤0.001 | 0.68 |
Sodium (mg) | 34.4 (23.1, 56.0) | 28.0 (28.0, 48.0) | 0.86 | 65.2 (39.5, 126.1) | 111.0 (93.0, 140.0) | 0.04 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.001 |
Fruit purees (n) | 22 | 29 | 13 | 10 | ||||
Portion size (g/fruit) 2 | 172.0 (129.5, 214.7) | 200.0 (95.0, 250.0) | 0.77 | 206.0 (188.5, 245.0) | 100.0 (90.0, 113.0) | ≤0.001 | 0.048 | 0.01 |
Energy (kcal) | 69.2 (64.7, 71.9) | 72.0 (69.5, 78.5) | 0.06 | 78.0 (63.2, 84.8) | 61.0 (56.7, 63.0) | 0.02 | 0.06 | ≤0.001 |
Protein (g) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.003 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.02 | 0.57 | 0.28 |
Carbohydrates (g) 3 | 15.3 ± 2.5 | 16.0 ± 2.3 | 0.30 | 16.3 ± 3.3 | 13.0 ± 0.70 | 0.005 | 0.30 | ≤0.001 |
Sugar (g) 3 | 12.6 ± 1.4 | 11.9 ± 2.2 | 0.26 | 11.9 ± 1.9 | 11.7 ± 0.7 | 0.77 | 0.22 | 0.60 |
Fiber (g) 3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | ≤0.001 | 1.9 ± 0.28 | 1.6 ± 0.48 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
Fat (g) | 0.6 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.005 | 0.6 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.79 |
Saturated (g) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | - | ≤0.001 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | - | ≤0.001 | 0.69 | 0.47 |
Sodium (mg) | 21.7 (19.8, 21.7) | 12.0 (6.0, 16.0) | ≤0.001 | 21.7 (17.6, 30.1) | 12.0 (12.0, 20.0) | 0.003 | 0.57 | 0.10 |
6–11 Months 1 | 12–18 Months 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Meal purees | HMFs (n = 48) | CIFs (n = 94) | HMFs (n = 38) | CIFs (n = 10) |
Vegetable type 1 | ||||
Carrot | 64.6 (16.7) | 80.8 (52.9) | 94.7 (23.7) | 90.0 (30.0) |
Zucchini | 68.7 (47.9) | 1.9 (1.0) | 73.7 (44.7) | 10.0 (-) |
Green beans | 58.3 (8.3) | 22.1 (8.6) | 63.1 (10.5) | - |
Onion | 33.3 (10.4) | 79.8 (3.8) | 52.6 (13.1) | 80.0 (-) |
Tomato | 27.1 (6.2) | 41.3 (15.4) | 7.9 (-) | 80.0 (70.0) |
Leek | 47.9 (-) | 6.7 (1.9) | 34.2 (2.6) | 20.0 (-) |
Pumpkin | 50.0 (10.4) | 1.0 (-) | 15.8 (5.3) | - |
Celery | 6.2 (-) | 20.2 (-) | 2.6 (-) | 30.0 (-) |
Peas | 8.3 (-) | 37.5 (6.7) | 2.6 (-) | 30.0 (-) |
Pepper | - | 1.9 (-) | 5.3 (-) | 20.0 (-) |
Broccoli | 4.2 (2.1) | - | 2.6 (-) | 10.0 (-) |
Chard | - | - | 13.1 (-) | |
Fennel | - | - | - | 10.0 (-) |
Turnip | - | - | 7.9 (-) | - |
Parsnip | - | 2.9 (-) | 2.6 (-) | - |
Lettuce | - | 2.6 (-) | ||
Spinach | - | 1.4 (-) | - | - |
Fruit purees | HMFs (n = 22) | CIFs (n = 29) | HMFs (n = 13) | CIFs (n = 10) |
Fruit type 1 | ||||
Banana | 86.4 (4.5) | 93.1 (34.5) | 100.0 (15.4) | 100.0 (40.0) |
Apple | 72.7 (22.7) | 86.2 (44.8) | 84.6 (61.5) | 70.0 (30.0) |
Pear | 90.9 (31.8) | 27.6 (6.9) | 76.9 (7.7) | 50.0 (10.0) |
Orange | 68.2 (36.4) | 10.3 (6.9) | 61.5 (7.7) | - |
Peach | 4.5 (4.5) | 31.0 (3.4) | - | 20.0 (-) |
Mandarin | 4.5 (-) | 10.3 (3.4) | 7.7 (7.7) | - |
Apricot | - | 10.3 (-) | - | 20.0 (-) |
Kiwi | - | 3.4 (-) | - | 20.0 (-) |
Strawberry | - | - | - | 20.0 (-) |
Plum | - | 3.4 (-) | 15.4 (-) | - |
Mango | - | 6.9 (-) | - | 10.0 (-) |
Pineapple | - | 3.4 (-) | - | 10.0 (-) |
Passion fruit | - | - | - | 10.0 (-) |
Raspberry | - | 3.4 (-) | - | - |
Cranberry | - | 3.4 (-) | - | - |
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Bernal, M.J.; Roman, S.; Klerks, M.; Haro-Vicente, J.F.; Sanchez-Siles, L.M. Are Homemade and Commercial Infant Foods Different? A Nutritional Profile and Food Variety Analysis in Spain. Nutrients 2021, 13, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030777
Bernal MJ, Roman S, Klerks M, Haro-Vicente JF, Sanchez-Siles LM. Are Homemade and Commercial Infant Foods Different? A Nutritional Profile and Food Variety Analysis in Spain. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030777
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernal, Maria Jose, Sergio Roman, Michelle Klerks, Juan Francisco Haro-Vicente, and Luis Manuel Sanchez-Siles. 2021. "Are Homemade and Commercial Infant Foods Different? A Nutritional Profile and Food Variety Analysis in Spain" Nutrients 13, no. 3: 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030777
APA StyleBernal, M. J., Roman, S., Klerks, M., Haro-Vicente, J. F., & Sanchez-Siles, L. M. (2021). Are Homemade and Commercial Infant Foods Different? A Nutritional Profile and Food Variety Analysis in Spain. Nutrients, 13(3), 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030777